Osprey - Fortress 017 - Troy c. 1700-1250 BC.pdf

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TROY
C
. 1700–1250 BC
NIC FIELDS
ILLUSTRATED BY DONATO SPEDALIERE
FORTRESS • 17
TROY
C
. 1700–1250 BC
NIC FIELDS
ILLUSTRATED BY DONATO SPEDALIERE
Series editors
Marcus Cowper and Nikolai Bogdanovic
Contents
Introduction
Chronology of major Bronze Age events
Aegean Bronze Age chronology • Trojan Bronze Age chronology
4
5
8
13
The story so far
A burning ambition • Golden Troy • Old tales, new thoughts
The nine ‘cities’ of Troy
Location and landscape • Troy I (c. 2900–2450
BC
, Early Bronze Age II)
Troy II (c. 2450–2200
BC
, Early Bronze Age II)
Troy III–V (c. 2200–1700
BC
, Early Bronze Age III to Middle Bronze Age)
Troy VI (c. 1700–1250
BC
, Middle Bronze Age to Late Bronze Age)
Troy VII (c. 1250–1050
BC
, Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age)
Troy VIII (c. 700–85
BC
, Archaic to Hellenistic Periods)
Troy IX (48
BC
–
AD
550, Roman Period)
Mud-brick construction
Modern Egypt • Ancient Egypt • Mud and straw
Taking precautions • Pros and cons
29
Fortifications of Troy VI
Building programmes • Method of construction • Curtain-walls • Towers • Gateways • Outer defences
34
46
51
57
60
61
62
63
64
‘Woman of To-ro-ja’
Of sheep and women • Sackers of cities
The Wooden Horse of Troy
Harbinger of doom • The ‘Assyrian Horse’ • Aineias’ drill • Alternative means
‘The castle of Priam blazing’
Against the wind • The stuff of legend
The site today
Bibliography
Glossary
Appendix I: Homeric epithets for Troy
Index
Introduction
Hisarlik, the ‘place of the fort’, is a small site, a sandy stone-strewn mound cut
up into gullies and hummocks. Troy, however, is immense. Its story sprawls
across cultures, time and geography. In 1820, in an essay for the
Edinburgh
Review,
Charles Maclaren (1782–1866), the Scottish traveller and founder-
editor of
The Scotsman,
wrote:
Ilium was for a considerable period to the Heathen World, what Jerusalem
is now to the Christian, a ‘sacred’ city which attracted pilgrims by the fame
of its wars and woes, and by the shadow of ancient sanctity reposing
upon it. (Edinburgh
Review,
1863: 222)
Out of all the stories told by humankind and recorded through its turbulent
history, the tale of the sack of Troy is perhaps the greatest secular story ever
told. It has certainly captured the western imagination for some 3,000 years.
Despite the problems inherent in any
attempt to employ Greek myths, oral traditions
and, above all, the Homeric epics in a historical
reconstruction of the Trojan War, recent
evidence from in and around the site of Troy
has prompted many scholars to take a fresh
look at the ‘Homeric Question’. Although the
literary and historical record, which make up
the background to the tale of Troy, will be
touched upon, the focus of this brief work is
not centred on Homer and history. On the
contrary, its aim is to outline the history of the
fortifications of Troy, covering in some detail
the walls of Troy VI, and their correlation to
the destruction of the site by the Mycenaean
Greeks.
4
Marble bust of Homer, a Roman copy of a lost Greek
sculpture of the 2nd century
BC
, found in the Theatre
of Dionysios, Athens. Although the ancient Greeks
believed that the great epics, the
Iliad
and the
Odyssey,
were the work of the poet Homer, reliable information
about the poet’s life was as elusive then as it is today.
This sculpture, therefore, is not a real portrait but a
conceptual image of creative genius. The unruly hair
and knitted brow suggest intensity and passion. The
worn, furrowed face reflects experience. The eyes,
sightless in accordance with ancient tradition, reflect
the belief that Homer and other great bards saw into
the future and beyond this world. (Author’s Collection)
Chronology of major
Bronze Age events
Please note that all chronological dates must be taken as circa not absolute.
3100
3100–1900
2900
2600
2450
1900–1700
1700–1450
1700–1250
1650–1550
1650
1628
1600
1550–1425
1500
1457
1450
1380
1300
1275
1260/50
1250
1200
1200/1180
1190/80
1185
1184
1180
1179
1100
1050
Start of Bronze Age culture on mainland Greece, Cyclades and Crete
Minoan Pre-Palatial period on Crete (EM I–III & MM I
A
)
Hisarlik is settled and soon fortified (Troy I)
Start of Cycladic culture in the Cyclades
Troy Ik destroyed but soon rebuilt (Troy IIa)
Minoan Proto-Palatial period on Crete (MM I
B
–II
B
)
Minoan Neo-Palatial period on Crete (MM III–LM I
B
)
Troy VI, established by Neo-Trojans, major trade centre and
maritime power
Grave Circle B at Mycenae (LH I)
v
v
v
Foundation of Hattus as-Bogazköy by Hattusili I
Cataclysmic eruption of Thera (Santorini) according to scientists
Cyclades under Minoan influence
Grave Circle A at Mycenae (LH I– II
B
)
Cataclysmic eruption of Thera according to archaeologists
Battle of Meggido
Mycenaeans at Knossos, Crete (Linear B) and in Cyclades
Destruction of Knossos
Treasury of Atreus at Mycenae (LH III
B
)
Battle of Kadesh
Destruction of Troy VIh (Homer’s Troy?)
v
Lion Gate at Mycenae (LH III
B
); Tawagalawas Letter written by Hattusili III
Warrior Vase from Mycenae (LH III
B
/
C
)
Widespread destruction of Mycenaean palaces (LH III
B
/
C
)
v
v
Destruction of Hattus as-Bogazköy
Destruction of Ugarit
Traditional date for destruction of Homer’s Troy according to Herodotos
Destruction of Troy VIIa
Ramesses III defeats the ‘Peoples of the Sea’ in the Nile Delta
So-called invasion of Dorian Greeks from north-west Greece
Migration of mainland Greeks to Aegean islands and Anatolia
5

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