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1
Jean-Paul Sartre’s
Being and Nothingness
Class Lecture Notes
Professor Spade
Fall 1995
Copyright
©
1996 by Paul Vincent Spade. All rights reserved. Permission is hereby granted to copy this
document in whole or in part for any purpose whatever, provided only that acknowledgment of copyright is
given.
Table of Contents
Getting Started..................................................................................................................... 4
Sartre: Life and Works ........................................................................................................ 5
Program of Events............................................................................................................. 11
Two Main Influences on Sartre ......................................................................................... 11
Husserl: Life and Works.................................................................................................... 13
The Idea of Phenomenology.............................................................................................. 14
Kant ................................................................................................................................... 18
Review............................................................................................................................... 25
The Two Stages of Husserl’s Philosophy .......................................................................... 26
The Idea of Phenomenology (Again) ................................................................................ 27
The Phenomenological Reduction..................................................................................... 31
The Eidetic Reduction....................................................................................................... 39
The Theory of Intentionality ............................................................................................. 46
Sartre ................................................................................................................................. 56
Sartre’s Reaction to Husserl .............................................................................................. 63
Sartre’s Metaphysics ......................................................................................................... 72
Characteristics of Being-In-Itself ...................................................................................... 73
Being-For-Itself ................................................................................................................. 80
Positional & Non-positional Consciousness, Reflective & Non-Reflective
Consciousness.................................................................................................................... 87
The Self-Love Theory ....................................................................................................... 93
The Constitution of the Ego .............................................................................................. 96
The Magical..................................................................................................................... 104
The Problem of Other Minds........................................................................................... 114
The Origin of Negation.................................................................................................... 115
Hegel and Heidegger ....................................................................................................... 123
The Origin of Nothingness............................................................................................... 125
The Gambler.................................................................................................................... 128
Copyright
©
1996 by Paul Vincent Spade. All rights reserved. Permission is hereby granted to copy this
document in whole or in part for any purpose whatever, provided only that acknowledgment of copyright is
given.
Vertigo ............................................................................................................................. 130
Bad Faith (Self-Deception).............................................................................................. 133
The Waiter....................................................................................................................... 138
Belief ............................................................................................................................... 141
The Emotions................................................................................................................... 149
The Intellectual Theories................................................................................................. 158
Sartre’s Own Theory ....................................................................................................... 160
The Magical World.......................................................................................................... 163
False Emotions and the Physiology of The Emotions ..................................................... 165
Part II: Being-For-Itself................................................................................................... 166
Presence to Self ............................................................................................................... 171
Facticity........................................................................................................................... 172
Lack................................................................................................................................. 175
Value................................................................................................................................ 177
Possibility ........................................................................................................................ 181
Time................................................................................................................................. 183
Pure and Impure Reflection ............................................................................................ 191
The Existence of Others .................................................................................................. 197
Husserl............................................................................................................................. 206
Hegel................................................................................................................................ 208
Heidegger......................................................................................................................... 209
Summary.......................................................................................................................... 210
The Look ......................................................................................................................... 211
Concrete Relations with Others....................................................................................... 220
Examples of the First Approach...................................................................................... 223
Examples of the Second Approach ................................................................................. 224
Existential Psychoanalysis............................................................................................... 225
Conclusion....................................................................................................................... 234
Ethical Implications......................................................................................................... 238
Copyright
©
1996 by Paul Vincent Spade. All rights reserved. Permission is hereby granted to copy this
document in whole or in part for any purpose whatever, provided only that acknowledgment of copyright is
given.
1
Getting Started
The main textbook for this course is Sartre’s
Being and Nothingness,
of course. But it will
be quite a while before we actually get into that. There’s a lot of build-up and background
that you need to get a kind of running start on that book.
We are going to start with Edmund Husserl,
The Idea of Phenomenology.
I have not
asked you to buy this book, but it is available on reserve. You should start reading that
book immediately, and consult the outline included in the course packet.
The next main thing we will be reading is Sartre’s
Transcendence of the Ego.
This is a
difficult but extremely exciting book on the Philosophy of Mind. It introduces many of
the main themes we will see in
Being and Nothingness.
Only then will we be in a position to plunge into
Being and Nothingness.
We will start at
the beginning and go as far as we can in one semester. Then, as we near the end of the
semester, we will skip ahead to the section on “Existential Psychoanalysis” (near the end
of the book), and the “Conclusion.” They are important, and I want to be sure we do
them.
Along the way, there are two books by Sartre on the imagination and one on the
emotions. These are very interesting books, but for our purposes are subordinate readings.
One of the books on the imagination,
Imagination: A Psychological Critique,
is now out
of print. But there is a copy on reserve in the main library, and an outline included in the
course packet. The other one,
The Psychology of Imagination,
contains one crucial
passage that will be tremendously important. But, for the most part, that book is left for
your own background reading. The same goes for
The Emotions: Outline of A Theory.
Don’t neglect these two books, but they won’t be centerpieces in the course.
We surely won’t be able to get through the whole of
Being and Nothingness
in this one
semester. Nevertheless, we should get far enough along that, by the time we are done,
you will have the background to be able to read the rest of the book on your own — if
you should wish to.
And you should wish to. In my judgment,
Being and Nothingness
is probably the single
best piece of philosophy written in the 20
th
century. That is a strong claim, and I don’t
th
make it lightly. There is lots of good philosophy in the 20 century, but this book has a
kind of sweep and scope that, as far as I know, no other work has in this century. There
may be exceptions — for example, Heidegger’s
Being and Time,
which I do not know
well — but within the limits of my knowledge,
Being and Nothingness
stands out as
without serious competition.
What are the alternatives? Husserl’s
Logical Investigations,
for one, and his
Ideas,
for
another. Heidegger’s
Being and Time,
perhaps. Russell and Whitehead’s
Principia
Mathematica,
and Russell’s
Principles of Mathematics.
Perhaps Whitehead’s
Process
and Reality.
Wittgenstein’s
Tractatus
and
Philosophical Investigations.
Some people
Copyright
©
1996 by Paul Vincent Spade. All rights reserved. Permission is hereby granted to copy this
document in whole or in part for any purpose whatever, provided only that acknowledgment of copyright is
given.
would nominate Quine’s
Word and Object,
which is a work for which I have the highest
respect.
But all these, in my considered judgment, are no deeper philosophically than Sartre’s
Being and Nothingness
is, and are certainly less ambitious in scope. I hope to convince
you of this during the course of the semester.
As I said, the later parts of
Being and Nothingness
are much easier than the earlier parts.
This is not just because the earlier parts are presupposed by the later ones; the later parts
are just plain easier. So, although we won’t get through the entire book, you should be in
a good position to complete it on your own.
Let me suggest some background reading before we get started:
Frederick A. Olafson, “Sartre, Jean-Paul,” in
The Encyclopedia of
Philosophy.
An OK article, but no great shakes.
Hazel Barnes’ “Introduction” to
Being and Nothingness.
A pretty good
overview, although it is rather difficult. It’s good to read it early on, but
don’t expect to understand it until later.
Alisdair MacIntyre, “Existentialism,” in
The Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
This is an excellent article, although people have raised questions about
details of it.
Alisdair MacIntyre, “Existentialism,” in Mary Warnock, ed.,
Sartre: A
Collection of Critical Essays.
This is not the same as the previous article,
but is also excellent. This book is now, I think, out of print, but I have put
a copy of the article on reserve in the main Departmental office. (It’s
about the whole movement, not just Sartre.)
Herbert Spiegelberg,
The Phenomenological Movement: A Historical
Introduction,
Ch. 10. A fairly good account for those just getting started.
Also, full of lots of lore and gossip about these people, and good pictures!
Sartre: Life and Works
Jean-Paul Sartre was born in Paris on June 20, 1905, and died there April 15, 1980. He
studied philosophy in Paris at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris 1924–1928. After
that he taught philosophy for a while in a number of
lycées,
in Paris and Le Havre (and
perhaps elsewhere). He then went to Germany, to the Institut Français in Berlin. He had
some kind of research assistantship there, but in any case during 1933–1934 he studied
there under two giants of twentieth-century German philosophy:
(1)
Edmund Husserl, the father of modern phenomenology, who died
in 1938.
Copyright
©
1996 by Paul Vincent Spade. All rights reserved. Permission is hereby granted to copy this
document in whole or in part for any purpose whatever, provided only that acknowledgment of copyright is
given.

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