Child Development 5e.pdf

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FIFTH EDITION
Child Development
A T H E M AT I C A P P R O A C H
Danuta Bukatko
College of the Holy Cross
Marvin W. Daehler
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Houghton Mifflin Company
Boston
New York
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To Don and Nicholas
D. B.
To June, and to Curtis and Angela, Joshua, and Renée
M. W. D.
Editor-in-Chief: Charles Hartford
Senior Sponsoring Editor: Kerry Baruth
Development Editor: Rita Lombard
Editorial Assistant: Caryn Yilmaz
Senior Project Editor: Aileen Mason
Editorial Assistant: Liliana Ritter
Production/Design Coordinator: Jodi O’Rourke
Senior Manufacturing Manager: Jane Spelman
Senior Marketing Manager: Katherine Greig
Marketing Assistant: Anne Tousey
Copyright © 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval sys-
tem without the prior written permission of the copyright owner unless such copying is expressly
permitted by federal copyright law. With the exception of nonprofit transcription in Braille,
Houghton Mifflin is not authorized to grant permission for further uses of copyrighted selections
reprinted in this text without the permission of their owners. Permission must be obtained from
the individual copyright owners as identified herein. Address requests for permission to make
copies of Houghton Mifflin material to College Permissions, Houghton Mifflin Company,
222 Berkeley Street, Boston, MA 02116-3764.
Printed in the U.S.A.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2002116641
ISBN: 0-618-33338-X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9-VHP-07 06 05 04 03
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Brief Contents
Preface
xiii
1
Themes and Theories
2
Studying Child Development
3
Genetics and Heredity
4
The Prenatal Period and Birth
5
Brain, Motor Skill, and Physical Development
6
Basic Learning and Perception
7
Language
8
Cognition: Piaget and Vygotsky
9
Cognition: Information Processing
10
Intelligence
11
Emotion
12
Self and Values
13
Gender
14
The Family
15
Peers
16
Beyond Family and Peers
Glossary
References
Credits
Name Index
Subject Index
1
38
63
104
147
189
228
270
310
346
379
420
464
496
533
567
G–1
R–1
C–1
NI–1
SI–1
iii
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Contents
Preface
xiii
1
Themes and Theories
1
What Is Development? 3
Six Major Themes in Developmental
Psychology 5
What Roles Do Nature and Nurture Play in
Development? 5
How Does the Sociocultural Context Influence
Development? 6
How Does the Child Play an Active Role in
Development? 7
Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous? 7
How Prominent Are Individual Differences in
Development? 9
How Do the Various Domains of Development
Interact? 9
The Study of the Child:
Historical Perspectives 10
The Concept of Childhood 10
The Origins of Developmental Psychology 13
The Continued Growth of Developmental Psychology
in the Twentieth Century 16
Learning Theory Approaches 17
Behavior Analysis 18
Social Learning Theory 19
Learning Theory and Themes in Development 20
Cognitive-Developmental Approaches 21
Piaget’s Theory 21
Piaget’s Theory and Themes in Development 23
Information-Processing Approaches 24
Information-Processing Approaches and Themes in
Development 25
Erikson’s Psychosocial Approach
Psychosocial Theory 26
Psychosocial Theory and Themes in
Development 27
26
Contextual Approaches 28
Ecological Systems Theory 29
Vygotsky’s Sociohistorical Theory 30
Dynamic Systems Theory 32
Ethological Theory 32
Contextual Approaches and Themes in
Development 33
What Develops? 34
Chapter Recap 36
Summary of Topics 36
2
Studying Child Development
38
Research Methods in Developmental
Psychology 39
Measuring Attributes and Behaviors 40
Methods of Collecting Data 40
Research Designs 46
Strategies for Assessing Developmental Change 52
Cross-Cultural Studies of Development 56
Ethical Issues in Developmental
Research 58
C
ONTROVERSY
: T
HINKING
I
T
O
VER
Should Researchers Reveal Information They
Learn About Participants in Their Studies? 60
Chapter Recap 61
Summary of Topics 61
3
Genetics and Heredity 63
Principles of Hereditary Transmission 65
The Building Blocks of Heredity 66
Cell Division and Chromosome Duplication 66
Gene Expression 70
Gene Functioning and Regulation of Development 71
Gene and Chromosomal Abnormalities 74
Gene Variations 74
Chromosome Variations 80
v
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