070 WAR MACHINE.pdf

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1985
Modern
NATO Frigates
A[ied
Fighters
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MC,
Gomman'
der
of
British
Land
Forces
during
the
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ln
Sterling.
Skoda
149-mm
vz
37
howitzer
(K4)
Pilsen
in
Czechoslovakia
were in
a
positron
to design
develop and pro-
duce
entirely
new
artillery
pieces
that
owed
nothing to
the old World War
I
weapons
that had
hitherto
been
the
company's marn output,
By
1933
they
had
produced,
among other things,
an
entrrely
new
149-mm (5,87-in)
range ol
howitzers known
as
the 'K series
The
first
of these, the
KI,
was
produced
rn
1933
and
the entire
output ol these
vz
33
weapons went for export
to
Turkey,
Romania and
Yugoslavia,
The
Kl
was
a
thoroughly modern piece with
a
heavy
split
trail, and was
designed
for
either
horse
or
motorized traction,
For
the
latter the prece could be towed
as
one
By
the
early
l93Os
the
Skoda
works
at
decided
to
adopt
the
K4 as its
standard
healry
field
howitzer
to
replace
the
large range
of
elderly
weapons re-
maimng from
World
War
L
The
K4
was
given
the
army
desigmation
l5-cm hru-
bd houfnice vz
37,
vz
37
(vz for
vzor or
model) denotrnq the equipment's
year
of
acceptance
for
service,
Skoda
drew
up production
plans,
but
as
always this
took time and in the rnterim the
Ger-
mans occupred
the
Czech
Sudeten-
land
Plans
for
production
became
even more frantic, but
with
the
Su-
load,
but for the
former
the
barrel
could
be
removed
for
lowrng as
a
separate
Ioad.
Despite the
success
of the
Kl,
the
Czech army
decided
that the weapon
did
not meet
its
exact
requirements
and
funded further development
to
the
stagre
where
a K4
model
met the spe-
cificatron, The
K4
had much
in
com-
mon
with
the
earlier
K
i,
but had
a
shor-
ter barrel
and
(as
the Czech army
was
making considerable strides
towards
full
mechanization)
the
need
for
re-
moving the
barrel
for
separate horse
tractlon
was no
longer required,
The
K4
also used
pneumatic wheels
(the
K1
detenland
line
of
defences in German
hands Czechoslovakia
was
wide
open
to further
German aggression
and in
1939
they duly marched
in
to
take
over
the rest
of
the
country,
The Germans
also
secured the
Sko-
da works at
Pilsen,
finding
on
the
pro-
duction
[nes
the first
ofthe
full
produc-
tion
vz
37
weapons,
By that
tlme only
a
few
models
had been produced,
and
these
the
German
army
tested
on
ranges
back
rn
the Reich.
discovering
that the vz
37
was
a
sound and
service-
divisional
artillery
equrpment
and
even being
used
by
some
corps
bat-
teries, It
was used
during the
French
campaign
of
May
and June
1940,
and
Iater in
the
invasion
ofthe
Soviet
Union
during
I941. Some
were
still in service
in the
Soviet Umon as
late as
1944,
but
by
then many had been passed to the
various
Balkan
forces under
German
T
he
high
water
m
ar
k
of
G
erm an
success
rn
the
late summer
of
I 942
:
able
howitzer
with
a
good
range
of
15l0Om (16,5i5
yards) and
firing
a
very
useful
42-kq
(92.6-lb)
projectile.
The Germans
decided
to
keep
the
vz
37
in productron
at Pilsen
for their own
elementsof
ArmyGroupA
penetrated
over
300
km
(200
miles)
soulft-easf
ofStalingrad.
Here
a
C
zech-built
vz 37
I
1-cm
howitzer
pounds Soviet positions in the
{oothills
o!
the Caucasian
mountain
fange.
and in actron
5200
kg
(
1
I,464
lb)
Elevation:
-5"
to
+70"
requirements, and
thus
the vz
37
be-
had
solid
rubber-rimmed
steel
wheels) and
some
other modrfications
to
suit
it
for
the mechanized
tractor-
towing
role.
With
these
changes the
Czech
army
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
came
the
German
army's
lS-cm
schwere
Feldhaubitze 37(t),
or
15-cm
heavy
field
howitzer
Model
1937
(Czech),
the (t) denoting
tschechisch,
or
Czech.
With the
German
army
the
sFH 37(t) became
a
standard weapon
of many divisions, formrnq
part
of the
control
and
operating wrthin what
is
now
Yugoslavia;
the
Slovak army was
one such
recipient,
Specification
sFH 37(t)
Traverse:45"
Muzzle
velocity:
580
m
(1,903 ft)
per
Calibre:
149.I
mm
(5 87
in)
Lengrth of
piece:
3,60
m
(11
ft
9,7
in)
Weight:
travelling
5730
kg
(12,632
lb)
second
Ma.rimum range:
15
yarG)
l0O m
(
16,515
Sheil
weisht:
42
ks
(92,6
lb)
Skoda
220-mm
howitzer
Whereas
the Skoda
vz 37
howitzer was
a
completely new
design, the
slightly
earher
Skoda
220-mm
howitzer
was
very
much a product that had its
ori-
gins
in
earlier
days. In the
period
up to
l9l8,
when the
Skoda
works
were
the
largest
armament producers
for
the
Austro-Hungarian
empire, the
Pilsen
good
customer of Skoda,
and
in
1928
took
delivery
of
a
batch of
12
220-mm
Skoda
howitzers under
the
desrgnation
M.28.
Another
customer
was
Poland,
which ordered
no less than
27,
These
Polish howitzers featured
prominently
in
many
pre-war
propagranda photo-
graphs
of
the
Polish
army, all
with
one
feature
in
common:
in
all
of
these
photognaphs
the breech
mechanism
was
obscured in
some
way, usually
by
a
soldier,
as
part
of the normal
Polish
works had been only sllghtly behind
the
German
Krupp
concern
in
the
manufacture
ol really
healry
artillery,
and the
heary
Skoda howitzers
were
second
to
none
in
overall
efficiency,
Thus
when the
Skoda
works
started
production
again
the
'classic'
howitzer
was one of its main products,
However, the accent was
no
longer
on
healry calibres alone. Desprte
their
dreadful efflciency in demolishing for-
security procedure
in
any artillery
tiflcations, such equipments were
ponderous
beasts
to
move and their
rate
of
flre
was
extremely
slow. They
were
also
fearfully expensive,
so
when
some of
the new
nations
formed
after
the Treaty of Versarlles started
to
arm
themselves against
a
difflcult
future
they
still
wanted heauy
artillery,
but
not too heavy,
An
rnterim
calibre
of
about
220
mm
(8,66
in)
was
still
about
right
for the
destruction
of
healry
struc-
rures but
the
howitzer
itself
need
not
i:e
too ponderous
Skoda sensed the
The
unfortunate Yugoslavs followed
just over
a
year later.
Thus
the
Ger-
mans
found
themselves
with
a
useful
quantlty
of
220-mm
howitzers, which
promptly
became
part
of
the
German
rllustration
intended for
publication,
It did the
Poles
no good, for
in
1939
the Germans invaded and captured
or
destroyed the
entrre Polish
Qnrn
park,
narket
and produced the required
220-mm
design incorporatrng much
of
-.s considerable experience
in
such
::atters,
and
it
was not
lonq before
cus-
army's inventory, There was
not
much
of a role for
such
a
relatively
heavy
prece
in
the
German
Blitzkrieg
con'
cept,
so
the captured
howitzers
were
distributed
mainly
to
garrison and
sta-
trc
umts
rn the occupied
territories,
Some of
these
were
as
distant
as
Nor-
way, but in
late
l94l
a
number
of
these
howitzers
were
gathered together and
added
to the siege
train
that was sent
to invest the
fortress
of
Sevastopol
in
the Crimea,
Thrs
was the
last classic
Skoda
produced
some of
the
best
heavy
artillery
pieces
of
WorldWar
I,
and
continued
the
traditionwith
the
2 2 0
-mm howit zer,
which
w
as
exported
to
both Poland
and
Yugoslavia"
After
the
Germans
invaded
Eastern
Europe
they
used
the
captured weapons
against the
fortress
of
S
evastopol.
.:mers arrived
::m
The
flrst
was
Yugoslavia, formed
severai
of
the
pre-World War
i
:aLkan
states
The
new nation
decided
-::ad
much
to
fear
from
its
neiqhbours,
=:-i
thus
was involved
in
numerous
;
-::hases of
weapons
of
all
krnds
'-.:.
-7hout
Europe
Yugoslavia was
a
Skoda 220-mm
howitzer (continued)
investment
of
a
fortress by
the
age-old
ingr
the
Heavy
Artillery
of
World
Wa;
II
remainder
of
the
conflict,
the
Skoda
howitzers had played
a
use-
fi:l
part,
Thereafter
they were
once
more scattered and
saw
little
use
dur-
TA- Y
method
of
assembling
and uslng
a
siege train, and the
fortress
fell
after
Specification
Skoda 220-mm
howitzer
Calibre:
220
mm
(8,66
in)
Lengrth of
piece:
4,34
m
(14 ft 2,8
in)
and
in
achon
1420b
ks
(32
4Ob
Ib)
Elevation: +40"
to
+70'
Weight:
travelling
22700
kg
(50.04S
lb)
Maximumrange:
142CC
Traverse:350'
Muzzle
velocity:
500
m
second
(15,530
yards)
shell
weisht:
I2B
kq
(282
r:
'-:
'
:
(
1,640
ft)
per
Obice
da
210/22
modello
35
During the late
1930s
the
Itaiian army
decided
to
attempt
to
replace
the
bulk
of its
heavy
artillery park, which
by
that
time resembled
an
oversue artil-
iery
museum, It
selected
two
good and
thoroughly modern designs,
one
a gnln
wrth a
calibre
of
149
mm
(5,87
in)
and
the other
a howitzer wrth
a calibre of
2lO
mm
(8.26
in), The
howitzer
was
de-
signed by
an
army
orgranzation
known
as
the Servuio Tecnici
Armi e
Muni-
zioni (STAM), but production was car-
ried
out
by
Ansaldo at
Pozzuoli.
The
howrtzer was known as
the
Obice
da
210/22
modello
35.
Although
shown
in
prototype form
rn
1935,
it
was
not accepted
for
servrce
until
1938
when
a
production
order for
no
less
than
346
was
placed,
The
modello
35
was
a
very
sound
and modern design,
It
used a split-trail
carriagre
with
two
road wheels on
each srde.
When
the
were
raised
off the
ground
and
the
weight
was assumed
by
a firing
plat-
howitzer went
rnto action these
wheels
forni under the
marn
aile.
The-entre
weapon could
then be
traversed easily
grround
had
been
raised.
through
360"
once
the
stakes
that
anchored
the
trail
spades
to
the
The
main
problem for the
ltalians
was that having designed a
fust-rate
howitzer they could not produce
it
quickly
enough, Desprte
the good
in-
tentions
of the ltalian army,
it
had
to
enter
the
war with
its
antique
gmn
park
still
largely
undisturbed
by
modern
equipments,
and
by
the autumn
of
1942
the grand total
of
modello
35s
was
still
only
20,
five
ofthem
in
Italy
and the
rest
in
action
in the Soviet Union, Part
ofthis
state of affairs was due to the fact
that
despite the requirements
of
the italian
army, modello
35s
were
sold to
Hun-
gary
as
they
came off
the production
four loads
with
an
extra
load for assem-
bly
equipment and
accessories, The
modello
35
attracted the
attentions
of
line, no doubt
in
exchange
for
raw
materrals
and food products,
The
Hungarians found
it
necessary
to
make
theu own carriage modrflcations
to
suit
this
2l-cm
39.M to the
rigours
of
their
service and
eventually
set
up
their
own 2l-cm
40.M
and finally
2l-cm
40a.M productron
line
in
1943.
In service the modello
35
was
suc-
cessful enough,
]t
could be transported
in two loads, but for
prolonged
moves
swrendered
in
September
1943
the
Ansaldo concern was forced
to
con-
tinue
production
for
German units
based
in
ltaly.
Thus
the
modello
35
became the
21-cm
Haubitze
520(i)
and
was
still in
aetion
with the
Germans
when the war
ended.
AJter
1945
attempts
were
made by
Ansaldo to
sell
the
modello
35
on the
home
and export markets, There
were
no takers
as
the
home
market
was
the
Germans,
and when the
]talians
sated
with
American equlpment
that
was
freely supplied
to
the Italian army
and
war-surplus equipment
was
wide-
ly
available
elsewhere,
Italy
made extensive
use
of
heary-
artillery
inWorldWar
I,
but
by
the
1930s
Specification
Obice
da
210/22
Calibre:210
mm
(8.26
in)
Lengnhof
piece:5
m(16 ft4.85
rn)
(3s,020Ib)
Elevation:
0"
to
Traverse:75"
Weight:travelling
(two loads)
24030
kq
(52,977
lb)andinaction
15885
kg
decidedly
obsolete and
new
weapons were
ordered.
The
2I
A-r-,-
howitzer
pictured
herewas
an
excellent
desigm,
but
I
talian
indus
r;
could
not
produce
the
gans
wtth
sufficient speed.
second
her
big
gruns
were
looking
*70'
Maximumrange:
15407
m(16
E:-
yards)
it
could
be
further broken down
into
Most
of
I
taly's
2
I
0
-mm
howitzers
found
their way into
Hungarian
hands
for
service on
the
Eastern
Front.
Those still
in
lta,ly
at
the time
of
the
Italian
surrender
were
promptly
manned by Germans,
and made
their
contribution
to
the
tenacious
delence
o!
the peninsula
until
I
945.
Muzlevelocity:560
m (1,837 ft)
per
Shellweight:
101or
293,2lb)
133
kg(222
-::
Heavg
ArfflffierH
fln
Baffle
Despife
the
tactical
developments sthce
19
! 8,
heavy
artillety
still-had
a
vital
role
to
play
in World War
Ii/.
Many
battles
becarne
sieEre
-
like
slagging
ma
fcheg
horribly
siznilar to
thase
of
I914-I8.
FromLeningrad
toCassino,
tromSevastopol
to
the
S
iegfried
Line, atmies
dug
themselves
in
so
deep Iy that
only
big
guns
could
blast
a
way
through.
The classic
role
of heavy artillery
in
warfare
is
ihe destruction
or
neutralization
of
the enemy's fortrficaticns
and strongpo nis,
though
n
more
recenttimes
tt has
also
incluiled the
destructtorr
cf
the
enemV's freld ano
other artillery.
ln
Worid
War
1l
both tasks
were
important. This may seem curious, lor
we
have by
now
become
used
to the
idea
that World War ll was
a
war of
swilt
movement
and
armoured
thrusts.
But cn manv
ironts
thrs
was
not
always
the
case:
along
many
batllef ronts campaigns
oiten
settled down into
long periods
of
relative inactiv-
ity,
and
further
idvinces
and/olwlthdrarvals
were
often prevented ejther
by
weather conditions or
lack
of
Tesources
on
b'oth
sides.
Under such conditions
heavv artillerv could once rrrore
Tesume
its
lmportance and make life
as
miser-
able and dangerous as possible
for the
enemy.
During
Woild War
lllortiiications
were
stiil
arounci,
The best-known example
is
the
Fiench Maginoi Line, but there
were
many
others such
as
the old
but
nonetheless
effeclive
defences
that
ringed
the
port
of
Sevaslopol and
the
ring
of
'l
gth century forts that defended Metz. These were still strong
enoug-h
io stop
the
US
3rd
Almv ln
its tracks
after
Patton's
rapid advances
acrcss
France
in
1944.
It must noi
be
forgotten that
under modern conditions many large cities
can
become just
as
effective
as
fortificatrons
in
siopping the
rapid advance
oJ
even armourjheavy {orces. The examples
of
Stalingrad and Leningrad are still
there
Jor
all
to
see, and under
these conditicns the
only
weapons that
can
be
used
to
reduce such large-scale obstacles remaln
the
heavy
gun
and
the
heavy
howitzer.
Thus heavy artillery
had a
large part
to
play
rn
many campaigns durlng World
{14-in)
M1 or
intrigued
b1'.-
technical freaks as the
American'Little
Davld'with
its
huqe 914-mm
i3e
cf
w€apons
such as
the
German 35.5-cm
For all
these
technicalities
the
imagination
is
still
attracted
by
the
sheer
s,.
-
.
ca|bre. No doubt it
\^/ould
be
poSsible
to formulate
Viable reasons
whv
s-,-
oddities should exist
in
an era
dominated
by
the tank
and
the
heavy
bomber,
:
-
it
rs
still something
of
a
challenge. Although such monsters survrved
unlil
1?-:
(aird
were
even under
further
development
at
that tirne) the truth was
thai tn=
-
day
was
well
past.
Perhaps
the greatest indicaiion that their
era
was over
can
::
seen in
the
example of
the greatest
protagonist
of
heavy artrllery during
Wc'
-
Wai
11.
namely
the
Red
Army.
lt
used nothing
larger
than
the 203'mm
{8-',
Modei
1931
howitzer from
the
beginning to
lhe
end:
Rather
than
relying
on
.
few
super-heavy
weapons
spread
thinly
(which
was
usually
the
case for
mcs:
other
combatants
who
had
such weapons);
the fied
Army relied instead on th=
principle
of
mass, using
larQe
number$
of
heavy
artillery batteries
to
delive'
streams
of
heaVy
projectiles, both
against
foriified
areas and against
the
enemV's answerinq batteries. And
the
Fed
Army won.
War ll.
Som6
of
the weaoons
were
ratl-rer
ederlv
(to put
it
mildly), but most
cornbatant
nations had
deemed
it
worthwhile
to
invest
heavily in large-calibre
artillerv
of
ail
kinds.
One'
kind
of
heavy artillery
that
was
relatively
new \nas
the
specialtzed
long-range
counterbontbardment gun.
Experience gained during
World War
wad
thai
enemy batteries
had
to-be
silenced dunng.critical periods such
as
large-scale
aitacks
{to
prevent
harassing
fire
on
sensitive
rear
areas,
for
exanr-
piel.
During World
Wai
I
thrs
roie
was oiten
assumed by
railwa-y
artrllery,
but
in
World
Waill
the specialized long-range guns often
weighed
in
lor
this purpose
Typical
of
these
long-range
guns wds
the
German
24-cm
{9.45-in) Kanone
3,
I
which was
really
a
cqse
of
bverkillforthe
targets
against
$/hich weapons
such as
the American 155-mm
16.'1-in)
Gun
M
1
or
the
German 15-cm {5.9-in) Kanone
l8
r\
€re
filore
than
acieo.rcte
But among
16e
hssliy artrllery types
the
hc\ /itzer tended to predominate over
the gun, for
irith
its higher projbctile
traiectoly
and
flexible system of propeilant
chaiges the howitzer
rTvas
often
a
f
ar
more usefui weapotr
than
the
gun
The
gun
certa'inly had
the greater
range, but
it otten
hacl
to
use
a
flal
traiectory at
tln-les
r'vhen
piung
ng
fi16
would
haie
far more
effect
on
the
types of
target
involved,
such as
str6ndpoints
or
bunkers.
By 1945
artillery develcpme
nts
were
such.that
the
range
dis6iepancy between
guns and hou;itzers
were
not all
that
marked,
the
horiitzer's
shorter
range berrig
frequenlly offset by its
heavler projectlles
Another
World War
ll
innovation was
the lnlroduction
of
the
gun-howrtzer
rn
which
a
variable propellant
system
could be allied
wlth
the abilrty
to
use
either
rj
ciunging fire.
Typrcal
of such weapons was the Soviet 152-mm
{6-ln)
Model
137
eun-howitzer.
rectfireorfireihtdeupperleqrsler,t.e
athighahgleso{elevation!oproduce
reports
the rnap
reference af
the
target
and
will
spat the
fall
ofs.hof"
Ihese
.Russjans
ftave
dug
themxelves a deep
slit trencJr
to
esrape
a
Germ an
counter-
barrage designed
ta
'blind'
the
Soriel
guns.
Post
Connected
byfield
telephone
to
thegun battery,
the
For"vard Qbsewatian
: t
:eaqt
gir'ns
wera
sited several
miles
behind
the lines
to
avoid
the
-
:,.
:. ccne
attentions
of
enemy field guns
and
mortars,
so
target
intormatian
-
::
::
be
relayed
back
to
the
gunners by
forward
observers,
ifte
the
Afrika
.
:':
:.-
:9r-:1
shovtn
here.
The
British
T.Z-in
howitzer
could
flinE
its
S
l.T-kg
(202-lb)
shell
nearly
I
8
km
I
miles),
butmanoeuwing
it
the
{ew
yards
to
t}te breech was
the
hard
bit'
It
had
d
ricjous
re
coil,
requiring
blocks
like
the
one
in
the
foreground
to
he
placed
behindfor
the
wheels to
runup.
{l

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