068 WAR MACHINE.pdf

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Volume
6
Published by
Orbis
Publishing Ltd
@Aerospace
Publishing
Ltd
1984
Issue
68
Editorial
Offices
War
Machine
Aerospace Publishing Ltd
1.0
Barley
Mow
Passage
London
W4
4PH
Managing Editor:
Stan
Morse
Editorial:
Trisha Palmer
Chris Bishop
Chris Chant
Design:
Rod
Teasdale
ColourOrigination:
lmago Publishing
Thame,
Oxon
Ltd,
Typesetting:
SX
Composing
Ltd
Film
work:
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Litho
Ltd
Consultant Editor: Maior
General Sir
Jeremy
Moore
KCB OBE MG,
Comman-
der
of
British
Land
Forces
during
the
Falklands campaign.
Artists:
Tony
Gibbons
John
Ridyard
208412
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The
Japeese battlecruiser
Korgo
is seen on
trials in
l9
13.
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theUK
Of all
the sights
to
stir
the
patrtofic
spiit
in
the
years
hefore
WorldWarI,
it
wasthe
serrtedsteel
ranks
of Dreadnoughts
that
most
effectively
symbolized
military
potency,
and
the
possession
of
a
strong fleet
became
a
means
to
glortfy
the
nation,
If
it
can
be argued
that
only armies could
wln World
War
I,
rt
is
beyond
doubt
that
navies could have
lost rt, To
prosecute
a
war
on such
a
scale
meant,
for the
Brittsh rn
particuiar,
contrnuous
and
guaranteed move-
ment
of
men and materials whrch, in turn, demanded
fu11
control oi
the
sea.
Through this it was possibte
also to
effectively deny
the
sea to the
enemy;
blockade could
cut off the
vital raw
materials and
foodstu_ffs
in
whrch he was not self sufficient and,
by
tts
grindrng
remorselessness,
gradually erode
hrs
will
to
resist.
Close
blockade,
as
practised during
the
earty
tgth century,
had
been
rendered
impracttcable by
the
submarine,
the
torpedo
and the
mine,
so
this
'front-line' function
of
the battleshtp had drsappeared The
geo-
graphical
advantages
enjoyed
by
ihe
UK, however, enabled
drstant
biockade
to
be rigorously
applied
by comparatively weak
and
obsolete
ships. These
were
buttressed
by
the
full might
of
the
Grand Fleet,
its
nrain
strength
iying
at Scapa
Flow
to
deter
the
German Hiqh
Seas
Fleet
fiom
either interfering wrth
thrs
slow
strangmlatlon
or rnduiging
more
ambitious deep-sea adventures,
As
rt
happened, however, the
Kaiser
hedged
his
cherished fleet
with
such
suffocating
operational restrictions that
it
existed
largely as
a
Looking
forward
on
a'Kaiser'
class
battleship in
I
I
I
7 .
Though
Zeppelins
were
used
extensivelv
bv
the
Germans in
co-operationwith
the
Hrglr
Seas
F/ee
t,
they
werc obviously
still
rare
enough to
cause
much
interest.
expendable) force of pre-Dreadnoughts far more adventurouily
t._
_
variety
of unorthodox
ways.
Fteet,
probabty in
!!1!" t::!j:Py
theHishseas
and
all
have
landed
19tZ
on
the
nght
has
amainmast
North Sea
In
retrospect
rt
may
be
said that
the
Royal Nar,ry
,.,:.-_=
retarning the Grand Fleet
in its main
roie, could
have used
its
laige
(a:.:
Though,
between
them, the
warrrng powers could
boast manv
cac_:_
ships,
few achieved
much
beyond
those
involved
in the
tiny
ur"nu
oi
...=
fleet-in-being,
tyrng
down the numerically more powerfui
Rova-
1,.=.-
and offering battle
only
on
its
own terms, perhaps the
grea-?:.
t_:
appointment of the battleshrp fleets was that
in
this
war, dunng
,,.,,:.
-:
they could
really
have
justified
themselves,
they occupied thJrr :_:=
largely
cancelling
out each other's
existence, Numbers
were
impcr.=,-..
the
need
to
survive tempering
boldness and
originairty in
manr.
:,:__
manders.
In the
end,
even
as
wtth
the
French revolutionary
naw
c:
:,.,=r.
a
century before, insufficient real
use
robbed
the High
Seas
FlLe:
::
...
sense of purpose,
so
that
it
drifted into deterioration
and revolt.
their
torpedo'nets.
The
G.
successfully
preserved
the
greater
part
of
their
battle
lleet
as
a
_ermgnl
'ileet-n-berng',
tying
down
the
superior strength
of
the
British.
as the'Bayer.n,c/ass
s.hrp
..'$rL'-n
:. ::
-rti
:-,,:.:
-:
%
USA
'Michigan'class
was
readopted
for
the
secondarY
armament
Boatbooms and awnings
rigged,
the
Michigan and
a
'Delaware'
class
ship
lie peacefully
at
anchor.
Firstwith
superr'mposed
turrets,
she
would
also
have
been
the first
all-big-gun
capital
ship
buffor
Dreadnought's
rushed
completion.
B
Had HMS Drea
dnought
not
been
built
precisely
when she
was. tt is
concelv-
able
that
'all-brg-qiun
ships
would have
been
termed'Mrchigans
,
thrs
pair hav-
an
extra centreline main battery
turret
and the
standard
127-mm
(5-in)
calibre
Dreadnought, however, and
took
three years
to
construct compared
rng
been approved before the
Brittsh
ship and embodyinq all the
principles
of
a
healry and homogeneous main
bat-
tery,
The
USS
Micft
igan
and
USS
Souffi
Carolina"were
laid
down after
the
with
only one.
A drawback
of
the
de-
sign
was
that steam turbrnes
were
not
available
for
propulsion,
but
their
primary
feature was
their
armament
layout.
Thougrh
the
Dreadnought
car-
ried
10
305-mm (12-in) guns,
only eight
could be used
in
broadside
as
two tur-
rets
were sited
in
the
waist
The
'Michi-
gans had only
eighi
qnrns
but,
well be-
fore the arrangement
became
gener-
al, mounted them
in
twrnned
super-
firing
turrets at each
end.
Sensibly,
the Amertcans
also ship-
ped
a
secondary battery, albeit
a
light-
weight
one
of
22
76-mm (3-in)
grLrns
but
for the
qreater
part,
behind protected
casemates
in
the superstructure at
a
herght
where they could
always
be
used,
elow
:
I
nitiatedbefore Dreadnought
bu
t
com
pleted well
afte
rw
ar d
s,
the
'Michigans'
had
all-superfi
ring
main
armament.This allowed allguns
to
fire
on both
beams,
in
contrast
to
the
British
vessel,
which
required
two
extraguns.
;
I
t
!
Specification
l--iFjl
-i
'Michigan'
class
(asbuilt)
Displacement:
16,000
tons
standard
and
17,900
tons
full
load
Dimensions:
Iength
138
07
m
(453,0 ft);
beam
24,38
m
(80,0 ft);
draught
7.49
m
(24
6
ft)
Propulsion: rwo
quadruple
expansion
steam
engines
delivering
16,
500
ihp
(12304
kW)
to
two shafts
Speed:
IB,5
ks
A further
innovatron was the basket
n-rast.
Theorencally
combtnLng
max-
rmum strffness
with
minimum
weight it
was far from
universally loved
and
was
Armament: eiqht
305-mm
(
I2-in) and
22
76-mm (3-in)
gnrns,
and two 533-mm
to remain
peculiarly
Amertcan,
Even
before
the Michigans were in
the
water, two
improved
versions (the
'Delaware'
class)
were
lard
down, Only
one was
turbine
driven
but both
had
(21-in)
torpedo tubes
Armour: belt
305
mm
(12
in);
bulkheads
279
mm
(l
1
in);
barbettes
254
mm
(10
in);
middle
deck
19
mm
(0.75
in);
lower deck
38
mm (LS
in)
Complement:870
E
€='Pennsylvania'
-Lmerican'post-ltlichigan'
battleships
added firepower
in
logical
steps, The
:ve-turret'Delawares'
and'Floridas'
USA
class
sylvanias'
were both
completed
ln
19 I
6
berng
driven
from any
turbo
qener-
ator, Further, propulsion motors could
be sited
well
aft,
shortening
shafts
ald
allowing improved standards
of
water-
as
the
USS
PennsJzivania and
USS
Arizona
.ius
developed into the
six-turret
-,\ryomings'
of
1911.
As
all
of
it
was
:-:ed
on
the centreline, this armament
:emanded
a
long ship with
a
large
:rea
to
protect.
In
1912,
therefore, the
:::d
was halted
by
a
reversion
to
l0
Ir::s
rn
the
'New Yorks', though these
,:-:reased the calibre from
305
to
:::
mm
(i2
to
14
in).
Again
these
were
;:::ped
in
frve
turrets, but the follow-
The
'Pennsylvanias'
were
turbtne-
dnven but, in the 'New Mexico'
class
that
followed
them
turbo-electric drive
was
introduced
Inadequacies
in
American
healry
gear production
was
the
overridinq
reason for this, the
tur-
bo-electric
machinery
requiring
neith-
er
reduction nor reversing qear,
De-
The Arizona was shattered
by
a
magulne
explosion during the
Pearl
Harbor attack;
with her
died
nearlY
1,200
crewmen. The
Pennsylvania,
tight integrity,
Starting their career with character-
lstic
basket
masts,
small
bridge
struc-
fulrher updated, obtained redress in
several
operations,
notably
as
one of
qrun
line
at
the
Surigao Strait;
post-war
she
survived
hvo Brlcini
nuclear
tests and was
finally
expended
as
a
bombing
target,
ture
and
a
generally
uncluttered
Admral
Oldendorfs
appearance,
the'Pennsylvalias' were
remodelled
between
the
wars,
emerqing
almost unrecoqnizable wrth
masts and the
paraphernaha
of
aLrcraft
operatron,
spite being
heavy
and
exPensive,
heavy tophamper, massive
tripod
Specification
'Pennsylvania'
class
(as
built)
Displacement:
3
1,400
tons
standard
and
33,000
tons full
load
Dimensions:
lenqth
185.39
m
(608.25 ft);
beam
29.62
m
(97. 17
ft);
drauqht
B,79
m
(28,84
ft)
Propulsion:
four main and four
cruising
geared
steam
lurbines
delivering
31,500
shp
(23490
kW)
to
four shafts
Speed:2I kts
Armament:
12
356-mm
(
l4-in)
and
22
127-mm
(5-in) quns,
andtwo
533-mm
(21-in)
torcedo tubes
Armour: belt
356
mm
(
14
in);
bulkheads356 mm(14
in);
barbettes
343
mm(13,5
in);
upperdeckT6
mm
(3
in);
lowerdeckT6
mm(3 in)
:::'=d
protection
at
little
penalty by
:r:!,rng
a fow-turret
arrangement
----r
raLr
of
'Nevadas'
had
much
im-
however, the
system
had
advantages
in
flexibility
with
any
shaft
capable
of
':; -
,',ins
superfiring
triples,
It
was
--,::-
;::t
a
smali step
to
ship four
triples
:
;-.:
a
broadside
of 356-mm
(14-in)
;-:j
jr
iile'Pennsylvania'
class, This
-:
,
:
-:
r,
as
successful and
retained in
-..
.
.--',',tn; two
classes
to
give
a
-
-:.::.eJUS
seven-shtP
grouP,
-:--::
-,',:s not outclassed
until
the in-
r
r-:--r:-
oi
the
406-mm (16-in)
qmn
I
1j
ir
:
::
J-:l:rados'of1921,The'Penn-
7
-"i:
;-;
i:
a::
-!-::.
e
mount all
their
triple
turrets,
a
--::::::E
.ral
became
a
standard
:e
P
ix
ennsylvanias'
were
the
first
US
rl-lesJrip
s
to
a:Tnaj?en
t
in
_or
Complement:915
- :a:
actice.
The
Rise
olthe
Dreqdnought
The
Russo-J
apanese
war
in
I
904-5
demonstrated to
the
world's naval thinkers
the need
for a radical
changeof
emphasis
in
warship
design.
In
most
of
the
major
maritime
nations plans were
being
advanced,
but
it wai Britain who
gave
the
world
the
Dreadnought.
On
Trafalgar
Day,
1
904, 63-year-old 'Jacky'
Fisher
was appointed
First Sea Lord,
embarking immediately
on
a
series of
f
undamental changes that would take the
Royal Navy
from the
somnolence of
the
long, lotus
yeariof
the
'pax Britannica'
to
the battleworthiness
demanded
by
a
waithat
he
saw
as
inevitable.
Within
a
year.the
Dreadnou-ght had
been
laid
down,
her concept
the
best
of
a
series
considered
by
his'Committee
on
Designs'. Fisherclaimed to
have
been refining
accepted, this argument
led
directly
to
the daring adoption
of
the steam*turbine,
yet untried
in
the
requ_ired
power
range,
togetner
with
oil
fuell;ng, that would
demand the pterctng of bulkheads
on
a
far more modest
scale
than necessary
in
coal-fired ships.
I,n
HMS
Dreadn
oughtthe
Royal Navy
acquired
a
ship
that could steam reliably
at
high speed and
which
could
fight
iis armament
in all
conditions.
Firing
arci
were
good, but
the
layout reflected Fisher's
obsession
with chase{ire:tem-
Right:
Though
the
main
battery
was
better
afianged
than
that
of
discussed it at length
with
William
Gard,
Chief Constructor at
Malta.
Fisherwas
notalone.
Professional publications of majornaval
powerswereall
familiar
with
the
f
lorid prose of
the
ltalian
Vittorio
Cuniberti,
whose
theories
cut
little
ice
at home.
His
dream
ship
would
be
fast
and carry the
greatest number
of
the.largest
guns available, choosing her range
to
'poui
in
a
ierrible
converging
fire'
on
any hapless
battleship
of
the
time.
-
f
leet.
the
U
had
,
Having.the
world's
largest the impetus
K
cameno
interest
in
rendering
it
obsolete
by,a
si,gnificant
advance,
but
with
the improving
p-erformance
of both torpedoes
and guns,
forcef
ully
demonstrated
by
pieviously
unimagined
engagement
ranges during
the
Russo-Japanese War
of
j
904-5. Fisher's
s-ense
ot
urgency may also have been heightened by knowledge
that the
Americans
were
abo.ut
to
pre-empt him, the
Congress approving
pi-ans
for Admiral
Sim's
rdeas in
the
two
'Michigans'
early
in
1905.
.
Because
of its
higher"rate of
fi16
and because more barrels could be carried,
the
254-mm_(1O-in)
gun
was prefened
by
Fisher
to the 30b-mm
(12-in)
weapon
but
Admiral
Bacon,
a
committee
member, convinced
him
that
fewer
laroe
ouns.
married
to
n.igh
speed,
would
lead
ro 'scienrific
and practical
shoorinj'. bnce
the
idea
since
1900
when, as
Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean,
he
had
Dreadnought-se
t
new
standards
in
cap
ital
s
hips
I
arger
and
f
as ter, w
i
th
I
O
large
guns
of
homogeneou.s
callbre.
I
n practice,
-
her-lack
of
second.i
-
armament
was
a
drawback and, despite
her
turbine
propulsion,
she'proved
-
-
-
too
slow
for
the
Grand
Ffteet,
from which
she
was
witidr;wn
in
I
g
I
6.'
practical considerations of blast
effects.
A single major gun
cat
c.:
?glegpy
the
srmplrtred
both
magazine
arrangements and
fire
control.-The
rbas"onino
:^::
resulted
in the
abandoning
of
a
credible secondary battery
was
fault\i
rectified
in
subsequent
classes.
a-:
armoured
cruiser,
later
to
be
termed the
battle-cruiser. As
a
30 per
cinr
sce=:
's-
*g:
:
I1lS,n,
wtth sought over
comparable
battleships, tne result wds a
targe
pacKed
machtnery
and
protected
on
a
scale
that was acceptable o^ly
w
^:-
used agatnst
con,ventionalarmoured cruisers.
Carryjng
tne
same 305_mrn
(12.
-
maln battery calibre
as
the
Dreadnoughtherself, the
ilrst
of
these
'qlass-ian
s:
mo^nsters,
NMS
lnvincible,
was
completed
some
1b months
lat"er
in'Ma::-
1
908.
The
'Dreadnought Committee'
was
tasked also
with
defining
d
S;ci-
Dreadnough!
the'Michigans'
re
tained
reciprocating
s
te
am
machinery.
They
were
also
coal-
fired, which
meant
smoke
at
higher
speeds,
as
sfi
orvn
by
South
Carolina
making
her
full
1|Yz
kts.
Below:
The
four
'Nassaus'
were
G
e
rmany's
fi
r
s
t
D
readnoughts,
ye
t
still
contrived
to
lookorthodox. By
restricting
the
main
battery
calibre
to
only
280
mm
(1
I
in),
six
twin
turrets could be
carried,
two o{
them
on
either
beam.
Typical German
features are
the
large gooseneck
boat cranes and uncased
funnel
lops.
.;"
.:i:,.: ::
jsf,ft$i;:,<,ir::.
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ry:5tr(t((;(ta5
*:lr5:aE$$ielr:::

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