061 WAR MACHINE.pdf

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Volume
6
Issue
6l
Published by
Orbis
Publishing Ltd
@ Aerospace
Publishing
Ltd
1984
Colour
profiles,
diagrams and cutaway
drawings
O
Pilot
Press Ltd
Editorial
Offices
War
Machine
Aerospace Publishing Ltd
10 Barley
Mow
Passage
London
W4
4PH
Managing Editor:
Stan Morse
Editorial:
Trisha Palmer
Chris Bishop
Chris Chant
Design:
Rod
Teasdale
Colour
Origination:
lmago Publishing
Ltd,
Thame. Oxon
Typesetting:
SX
Composinq
Ltd
Filrn
work:
Precise
Litho
Ltd
Consultant
Editor:
Major
General Sir
Jeremy
Moore
KCB OBE
MC, Comman-
der
of
British
Land
Forces
during
the
Falklands campaign.
Artists:
Keith Fretwell
Keith Woodcock
18411
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Cover photographi
A
North American
F-toO
Supet
Sabre
tdis
out on
a
mission
duing
the
Vietnm
Wd.
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Air
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Cover photogRphj
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Steriing.
The
supetsonic
iet
fighters
of the
1960s
saw contbat
several
times
tlvoughoat
the
decad,e,
where
the new
taclics
were
wotked
out
thoroughJy, These actions
spawned,
several
classic
afuc;raft guch as the MilG-Z
I
,
which
can
ioin
the
list
of
truhy great frghters,
Eere
we
describe
thefu
developnent,
thefu
actiotts
and
how
their
design
teans
made
sutrntronic
Ilight
a
Wadical
proposilion
By the start of
the
I950s,
the
fighter
designers had their
sights
firmly
set
on
supersonic
flight
and
were working rapidly
towards true supersonic
fighters
(as
opposed
to
transonic aircraft
often
only able
to
reach Mach
I
in
a
shallow dive). When the designs reached fruition, the course
of
air
warfare changed considerably, with aircraft able
to
intercept
each
other
O
ne
that
did
n'
t
m ake
it
: the
N orth
Am
erican
F
-
I 07. I
ndu
s
trial politics
prevented
thisvery
fine
aircraftfrom
making
it
to
the
frontline.
at greater
distances
and
in
shorter times than had been previously
possible. Dogfights, however,
were
not
fought
at
supersonic speeds,
a
trend
that
has
lasted to this
day.
A
whole new realm
of
military aircraft opened up rapidly, with
the
North American
F-100
and Mikoyan-Gurevich
MiG-19
leading to
the
classic
Dassault
Mirage
III,
McDonnell F-4
Phantom
II
and
MiG-21.
These
equipped
the air forces
of most of
the major nations,
aiongside the
Lockheed
F-104
Starfighter, and these types
were
soon
finding
them-
seives
ever more involved
in action,
mostly
against each
other.
The
two
wars
in
the Middle
East
and
the
long, protracted
air
war over
the
spectacular jungles, deltas and
mountains
of
Vietnam forged
the
tactics
of
air
combat between
supersonic-capable
aircraft, and
these tactics
have lasted into
the
I980s. Of
course, many
of
the
aircraft described here
still fly
regmlarly
as
the
front-line
equipment of many
nations,
yet their
importance
has
been largely
taken
over by
types
such
as
the General
Dynamics
F-i6
and Mikoyan-Gurevich
MiG-23.
Aircraft from the pre-
vious
subsonic
era are still
flying, and
of
course
were
used
widely
throughout the
period covered
by
this
issue,
A fashion set
during
the
later
years
of
Worid War
II was that
of
fighters
being able
to
carry
out
ground
attack missions
as
well
as
their
traditional
air-to-air role,
This
had been
developed
with
the
first generations
of
jet
fighters
and,
when
the
supersonic
age
arrived,
these
aircraft
were
often
used
more
as
bombers
than
as
f,ghters. The Vietnam
war
gnaphically
illustrates
the new
breed
of
air
war, with only
a handflrl
of
Phantoms
carrying
air{o-air
missiles
whilst
the rest
of
the
Phantoms,
F-
I05
Thun-
derchiefs and
F-100
Super Sabres
carried
almost
entirely
bombs and
other airto-gnound ioads. Even
the
Lockheed
P-104 Starfigrhter
was
employed for
a
while
in Vietnam
as
a
'mud-mover',
There
must have
been
many
fighters which never even
saw
a
Sidewinder
in
Vietnam, Iet
alone
carried
one,
The
air combats
that took
place over Vietnam
and
especially
the Sinai
Desert
during the
1967
and
1973
warswere
different
from those
of
Korea,
as
the
air{o-air
missiie, especially short-range
missiles such
as
Sidewin-
der
and
its
Soviet
copy
'Atoll',
replaced
cannon
as
the main armament
for
flghting.
Cannon
were
still used for extreme close-in work, and several
ofthe experienced
Israeli pilots
used
only
cannon
as a
show
ofbravado,
Together
with
the
McDonnell F-4
Phantom
il,
these aircraft
have
shaped the modern
fighter
scene more
than any
other group, and
their
inlluence
will
last
for many years more. The
lessons
learned in all
their
actions,
not only
Vietnam
and the Middle
East,
but
those
over
the
hdo-Pakistan
border
and
over Cyprus,
have
provided
the
current
milit-
ary
strategists
with all
the experience of
air
combat
needed to plan
future defence.
Supersonic
fighters
were
eagerly
awaited
by
politicians,
air forces,
schoolboys and
Hollwood
alike.
A
series
of
exciting
desigms
were
unveiled,
especially
from
America,
where the'Century
Series'
caught
the
imagination
of
the
world.
F
irst
came
the N or
th
Anerican
F
-
I 00
S
uper
S
abre,
s
how
n
here,
but
other
classics
were
soon
tofollow.
>K
iinc
Li\t*ir,s
-r-:=nmg
operational service
{uring
-.--:
r:Lrse
of
1960,
the BAC Ligh(ning
-=;ei
fught,
and
has
been
an
integtral
;esr
24 years.
::;:s
ihe distiriction
of
being the
first
l:--sh
airgraft
to
exceed Mach
2
in
p:::
c: the
UK's
aerial defences lor the
Development
of
what
eventLrally
be-
;a:k
io
1947
when
:::::e
the
Lightnlng can
be
traced
:::
rcr
a
supersonic research aircraft.
i'::c'r.n
as
the
P.
I,
thrs
its
r'::r il
early August
madeandmatden
1954
subse-
;:eTJy
demonstrated
Mach
l+
per-
::::i.iance,
semng
as
a
startlnq
point
J::i.pany
was awarded a study
cqn-
the
English
Electric
:::
-.le P.lB wluch far more
closely
I
variant
which
also
s::-red
with
Nos
56
and
I I
i
Squadrons,
P:;duction
then swrtched
to the
Light-
nrnq
F.Mk
2,
whrch offered better
per-
::::lalce
and was
armed
wrth
Red
l:p
missiles in
place
of
the Lightning
:
Nft
l's
Frestreaks,
TWo
squadrons
:::erved
this
model,
both
berng
quick-
tightrdng
F.IvIk
apprcached
the
requrrements needed
:_.-
a:r
operational
aucraft. Flight
trials
,r.=
ihe
P.1B
began in
April
1957
and
::-:',', ed srrfficient
promise
to
wafiant
a
:::-tact
for
20
pre-production
test
spe::rnens ofthe Lightning,
as
the
type
:ad cy
then
been
named.
lire
ffst
squadron to equrp was
No,
-i
ar
Coltishall,
this receiving
the
A,bove:
Lightnings
tlew for
many
years
with
the RAF in
natural
metal
finish and
vivid paint
schemes.
This
F.Mk3
servedwithNo.
56
Sqn
at
Wattisham
in
1965,
when
the
type
was
the UK's main
air defence
fighter.
a few of the latter mark are
also
still
airwofihy,
Modest
success was also achieved
on
the export
front, Saudi
Arabia
and
Kuwart purchasing close to
50
aucraft
between
them, These
are
now
be-
lieved
to
have been
retired,
beingr
re-
F,
1
placed
by
the
McDonnell
Douglas
F-15
and
Dassault-Bregmet
Mirage
respectively.
:::::h
rmproved
lrightning F.Mk
3
--.-
noved
to
West Germany, whilst the
Specification
BAC
Lightning F.Mk
6
3;entually
equrpped five home-based
:quadrons from
mid-1964
onwards,
lie
final
sinqle-seat
Lightning to
see
-n'ice
wrth the
RAFwasthe
Lightning
F.Mk 6
with
a Ereatly
modiied
wing
Type: single-seat
all-weather
interceptor
Powerplant: two
Rolls-Royce
Avon
Mk
302
turbojets,
each
rated
at
71
i2-kg
( I
5,
680-lb)
afterburning thrust
Performance: maximum
speed
2414
kn/h
(1,500
mph)
at
12190
m
(40,000 ft);
initial climb rate
15240
m
(50,000 ft)
per
mrnute;
sewrce
ceiling
16765 m (55,000 ft);
range
1287
krrr (800
miles)
on
internal fuel
Weights:
emptyabout
1270I
kg
(28,000
1b);
norma.l
loaded
19047
ks
(42,
000
lb); ma:omum take-off
about
22680
ks
(50,000
]b)
=d
-::s
model
remains
active today with
much
Lmproved
fuel capacity, and
:,r:
squadrons at RAF Binbrook,
in
addition
to
slngle-seaters,
two
:r,-3-seat
variants
were
also
built
for
:a-nag
duty, these
being
the
Light-
ning T.lvlk
4
and
lightning
T.Mk
5,
and
,lr
,.
Dimensions: span
10,62
m (34
ft
10
in);
length
16.84
m
(55 ft 3
in)
including
probe;
heighJ
5.97 m (19 ft 7
in);
wing
area
35,3I
mz
(380.
I
sq
ft)
Armament:two
30-mm
Aden
cannon,
plus two
Frestreak
or Red Top
infra-
red homing air-to-air
missrles
The
export derivative
of
the
Lightning
F.M k
6
was
the
F.Mk
53,
supplied
to
Kuwait and
Saudi
Arabia:
one
ofthe
latter's
aircraft is
seen
here.
Two-seat trainers
were
also
supplied with
the
designation
T.Mk
55.
A
Lightning
F.M
k
3
of
No. 74
Sqn
I
displays
thecarriage
of
the
Fr'resfreakmissi/es and
the
original
straightwing.
1
t:
-
l
i:
i,
l:'
.::::
a:r-
=:
i'r
l
I
'"
'::
fl
ijXtu",rrt
Super
Mystdre
Unique
in
being the first
Western
European
aircraft
capable
of
super-
sonic
speed
in
level flight,
the Dassault
Super
Mystdre
has
virtually
dis.
appeared from the scene
although
a
few
are understood
still
to
be
active
with the
Honduran
air
force,
A logrcal development
of
the
earlier
Mystdre,
the
Super
Mystere flrst flew
in
prototype
form on
2
March
1955,
although this aircraft was
powered by
a
Rolls-Royce
Avon rather
than
the
SNECMA
Atar
101G
which
was
fitted
to
production-configured
machines.
Five pre-production test
specimens
followed the prototype down
the
assembly line,
the
first
of
these
getting
airborne
on
15
May
1956,
whllst
pro-
duction
Super
Mystdre
B-2
aircraft be-
gan
to
enter service
with the
Above:
Israelwas
a
major
operator
of
the Super
Mystdre and her
aircraft
saw
much action, especially
in
the Six
Day War of
1
967,
where
it
was
employed
in
the
ground-attack
role
10"
usingironhombs.
air arm having
received
12
from
lsrael
during
the
1970s.
These
aircraft pro-
vide
further evidence
of
Israeli
in-
genuity,
for they were all modifled
to
take
a
non-afterburning
Pratt
&
Whil
ney
J52
turbojet,
Escadre de
Chasse
during
1957,
other
operatronal unrs
being
the
5'Escadre
at
Oranoe
and
the
122
Escadre
at
Cam-
brai,
Pioduction terminated
during
1959,
by
which time some
180
Super
Mystdres had
been built,
this total in-
cluding
24
for sewice with the
Israeli
air force,
with which
they
saw
combat
action on several
occasrons.
Development
of
the
type
did
not
Specification
Dassault Super
Mystere
B-2
hvo prototypes of the
Super Mystdre
B-4. Powered
by a
single
SNECMA
Atar
09C
engrne, this
flew
for the first
time
on
9
February
1958
and evenhrai-
1y
achieved
a
top speed
of
Mach
1,4
in
level
flight at i
1000
m
(36,090
ft). In
the
event, however, the even more prom-
rsing Dassault
Mirage
III
was coming
along and the Super
Mystdre
B-4
even-
tually slipped quietly
into obscurity,
The only
Super
Mystdres now
flying
are those
ofthe Honduran
arr
force,
thrs
cease
with the
Super Mystdre
B-2
model,
for
Dassault
also completed
Type: single-seat
fi
ghter-bomber
Powerplant:
one SNECMA
Atar
101G-
2
or
Atar l0lG-3
turbojet rated
at 3400-
ks
(7,495-lb)
dry
thrust and 4460-kg
(9,
833-lb)
afterburning
thrmt
Performance:
maximum
speed
I 195
km/h
(743
mph)
at
altitude;
initial
climb
rate
5335
m
(17,500 ft)
per
minute;
service
ceiling
17000
m
(55,775 ft);
range (clean)
870
kn
(540
miles)
Weights:empty
6930
kq
(15,278
lb);
normal loaded
9000
kq
(
19,842
1b);
maximum take-off
10000
kg
(22,046
lb)
Dimensions: span
10.52
m (34 ft 6
in);
lengith
14.
13
m(46ft4Vq
in);
height
4.55
m
(14
ft
11
in);
(376.75
sq ft)
Francefrom
wingarea
35,00 m2
Armarnent:two
30-mm DEFA
cannon
and
35
68-mm (2,68-in)
ungmided
rockets
(the
latter
in
a
belly
pack), plus
up
to
1000
ks
(2,205
lb)
ofexternal
ordnance includinq bombs and
rockets
The Super
Mystdre
was
employed
by
1957
until
the
late
1970s.
This
Arm6e
de
l'Air
example shows
the
dogtaoth
in
the
leading
edge,
w
h
ich
im
p
r ov
e
d
high
-
a
ltitu
d
e
m an
o e
uvr
a
bi
li
ty.
Ar
m
am
e n
t
consk
ted of
two
30
-
mm
c
annon
and
internal
rockets,
with
pylons
for
external
stores.
Most
aircraft
carried
Iong-range
fuel tanks
under the
wings,
Il
small
way.
1950s,
ijXs"ort
Mirase
III
and
Mirase
5
By
far the
most
successful post-war
European
fighter
aircraft, the
Dassault
Mirage
III
and Mirage
5
remained in
production in late
1984,
albeit
in
a
very
arr force
requirement
of the
early
were
intended
to
use
dual
turbojeV
submissions
put forward, all
of
which
Developed
rn
response to
a
French
the Mirage was one of
three
*
Above:
The
major
aircraftof
Israel's
lightning victory over
its
Arab
neighbours
in
I
967
was
the
Mirage
rocket power
in
order
to gain altitude
rapidly
in
fulfllling
the
primary
task of
interceptron. Subsequently, it became
clear that this
unusual
concept
signi-
ficantly imparred endurance and
Das-
sault
returned to the drawing
board,
comrng
up
with
the now familiar
tail-
less delta which
relied
on
a
single
SNECMA
Atar
10lG
twbojet
for
prop-
ulsion, plus an optional boost rocket.
eventually taking
to
the air for the flrst
time during November
1956
and
very
qutckly vindicatrng
Dassault's
theories,
whilst
at
the same
time
providing
valu-
able
data whrch
could
be
rncorporated
in
any future
production
variant.
Official interest,
initially
lukewarm,
was
quickly
confirmed
by
an
order
for
10
pre-production
specimens
just
su
months
after
the
maiden flight. Testing
and evaluation
of
these
began in
May
1958
and
qulckly led
to the
first
major
production order for
a
variant
known
as
the Mirage IIIC,
this
duly entering
sewice
at Dijon
durlnq
1961,
IIL
This
was
used
for both
air-to-air
and
air
-
to-
ground
mr'ssrbns.
ments
including the Mirage IIIB
two-
seat
pilot training
version, the
Mirage
IIIE for tactical nuclear strike and con-
ventional
attack,
and the Mirage IIIR
for
reconnaissance,
In additton
to the
Construction
of a
private-venture
prototype forged ahead
rapidly,
this
Iarge numbers
built for sewice
with
the
French
air
force, versions
ofall
four
basic
types have been
exported
throughout
the
worid.
Specification
Dassault
Mirage
IIIE
Type: single-seat
al1-weather
fighter-
bomber
Powerplant:one SNECMA Atar
9C
turbojet rated
at
6205-kg
( 13,
680-lb)
afterburmng
thrust, plus one
optional
SEPR 844
rocket rated
at 1500-kg
(3,307-lb)
thrust
Performance: maximum
speed
2350
kr'/h
(1,460
mph)
at
12200
m
(40,025 ft);
climb to
I 1000
m
(36,090
ft)
in
3
minutes;
service
ceiling
(without
rocket)
17000
m
(55,775 ft);
combat
radius
1200
km
(746
miles)
on
a
grround-attack
mission
Weights: empty
7200
kq
(
15,875
1b);
normal loaded
(clean)
9800
kg
(21,605
lb);
maximum take-off
13500
kg
(29 762
Dassault's
remarkable Mirage
servedwith
theArm6e
de
I'Air
since
receiving
pre-flight
preparations.
1961
,
and
still
flies
in large
numbers.
These
early
Mirage IIICs are
III
has
lb)
From then on,
the
Mirage
never
looked back,
successive develop-
Dimensions:
span1.ZZ
m(26
ft
I I 7z
in);
lenglh
I
5.03
m
(49 ft
37:
in);
height
4 50
m
(14 ft 9
in):
wing
area
35.00
mz
(376,75
sq ft)
Armament:two
30,mm DEFA cannon,
plus up
to 2270
kg
(5,004
Ib)
ofexternal
ordnance includrnq
air{o-air
missiles,
air-to-surface
missiles, bombs,
rockets
andnapalm
t203

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