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WAR
MACHINE
20-22 Bedfordbury
Volume5
Issue
50
CONTENTS
Airborne Early
Warning
Aircraft
HistoryofAEW
Tupolev
Ttr-
126
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:::=
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through your
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Val
to
obtain
your
982
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984
984
985
98s
987
988
990
993
993
994
996
1000
Gonsultant Editor: Major
General Sir
Jeremy Moore
KCB OBE
MC, Comman-
der
of
British
Land
Forces
during
the
Falklands campaign.
Ilyushin'Mainstay'
British
Aerospace
(Awo)
Shackleton
AEW,Mk
2
:3'v
rssues or
write
^::'s,
First Post
PtV
WestlandSeaKingAEW
British
Aerospace Nimrod AEW,Mk
3
HawkeyeinAcion
GrummanE-2Hawkeye
Lockheed
EC-
BoeingEC-135
130
Hercules
BoeingE-3ASentry
AWACSinAction
BoeingE-4
Armed
forces
of
the
World
US
:-
:
:
-: ::-
:
- :-:
:-
-
::
UK
market
on"f
:--:::-:::
: :-::- I -::-S
depiCted
in
Air
Force
(Part 6)
Design:
Rod Teasdale
iii
:E ::--:: '- :
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--:
:: - I
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" :
:'OdUCed
fOr
the
:-: -:,
^ot
necessarily
-::':
:-:duced
for
sale
-
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,-.;
SSIeS
may
be
Published by
Orbis
Publishing Ltd
@
Aerospace
Publlshing
Ltd
1984
Colour
profiles,
diagrams and cutaway
drawing: @ Pilot
Press Ltd
GolourOrigination:
lmago Publishing Ltd,
Thame.
Oxon
Typesetting:
SX
Composing
Ltd
Editorial
Offices
War
Machine
Aerospace
Publishing Ltd
10 Barlev
Mow
Passage
london
W4
4PH
Film
work:
Precise
Litho
Ltd
Artists:
John
Ridyard
Keith
Fretwell
16848
Printed
in
Great
Bltain
byThe Artisan
Press
Lrd
Managing Editor:
Stan Morse
Editorial
:
Trisha Palmer
Chris
Bishop
Jon
Lake
Chrls Chant
Picture
acknowledgements
Cover photogEph:
US
Air Force
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Air
ForceruS NaryruS
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Aerospace. 982: British
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British
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Aerospace
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(iv);
US
Air
Force.
:
f;]ffi.
1S0s
s
fuiiec
,if-rfarll{P,
l)
cidft'
AirborneEarU
Aircrcfft
In
the
high-tech conflicts
of
1982,
the Royal Navy
in
the
South
Atlantic
suffered
fuom the
lack of ship'based
afuborne
eatly
waning.
In
conkast, IstaeI
used
Anerican'supplied
Gtunanan frawkeye
aitcraft
to dominate
the Lebattese
skies
to
an
wparalleled
extent,
proving
the
value of the concept as
nevetbefote,
The
very
first
miiitary role
of
aviation was
to
look down
on a
battlefield
and report
on
the
enemy's movements, The
first aircraft
used
for
this
purpose
were
balloons
and
man-hfting
kites,
Today
large aircraft
not
only look down over
vast areas of
the Earth, but
also
have the
ability
to
control
a
complete war
srtuation
rn
away
that was
previoruly
impossible.
The
simplest part
of
the mission
to
understand
is
AEW (airborne
early
warning),
In
this
a
large surveillance radar
is
raised
to
a
height
of
8000
to
10000
m
(26,250 to 32 800
f0
above the gnound,
fromwhichvantage
point
its
llne-of-sight horizon
is
opened
out
from the
32
km
(20
miles) or
so
at
sea
ievel
to
a
distant
395
km
(245
miles),
This takes in
an
entire theatre of
war, and
enabies
a
force
commander to take tn the
whole
situation in
incredible detail.
Thousands
or
even millions of items can
be
seen far
beyond
the
sea-level horizon,
Hostile
aircraft
or mlssiles can
be spotted
as
soon
as
they are
launched,
and even
hedge-hopping attackers
can
be
seen
throughout their flight,
So,
too, can
wave-hugging anti-ship
missiles.
The
sensors
aboard the
AEW
platform always include this
powerful
radar, They can
also
inciude a
passive
detectron
system
to
pick
up,
locate and
identifiT
all
radio,
radar
and other
sigmals
beyond the visuai
horizon, and
without
the
platform
itself
making
any
telltale
transmissions.
Today
such
aircraft
have
been given enormousiy enhanced extra capa-
billty by
the addition
of
very
speclal
communications
and
computers,
which
enable the
airborne crew
to
exert
a
direct
control function,
and
also
to
controi
or
communicate with
many
kinds
of
friendly
forces on the
ground,
Inside
a
Boeing
E-3A
Sentry of
the
US
Air
Force ahnost
the
entire, very
large
space
-
which
in
707s
can
provide
seating
for
up
to
.l
89
passengrers
-
is
occapied
by
mr'ssrbn
elecfron
ics
and displays, Here operators are
seated
at
the nine
MPCs
(multi-purpose
consoles).
Externally,
most of
these amazing
aircraft
look
strikingly different from
anything else
in the sky. At
first they
had the
aerial
(antenna)
of
the
main
surveillance radar mounted
on the
underside
of
the fuselage.
Today it
is
usually
either
on
top,
on
a ta1l
pylon,
or
drvided
into
tvvo
parts
mounted
on
the nose and tail.
But
many
members
of
the command post family have no
radar
other than that
required
for
safe
flight
throuarh
bad weather, and
these often
look
basically
very
like
a
passenqer
airliner, Their
only
visible
differences
lie
in various
kinds
of
communications
aerials,
which
may
be
small
blades
for
very
(or
ultra) high
frequencies,
arranged
in
rows along the top
or
bottom
of the fuselage,
or they may even be flush
insulating (so-called
dielectric)
panels
recessed
into the skin.
They may
include
long rods
for
HF (hicrh-frequency) communications,
projecting
from
the
tip
of the
fin
or
wingtips,
For special VLF (very low frequency)
communications
a
long
trailing wtre
may be used: the
US
Navy Boeing
EC-130Q
and
Boeing E-6 use
a wrre
4
km
(2.5
miles) long
to
'talk'
to
submerged Trident
submarines,
At
Tinker
AFB, Oklahoma,
the USAF has the 966th
AWAC Training Squadron
and
two
operating
units,
the
963rd and
964th
AWAC
Squadrons. There
are
many
overseas and
support
units,
some
flying
EC-
I
35
aircraft.
The E-3
Sentry
itse
lf
comes
in
four
models
:
E
-
3A
C
ore,
E
-
38,
U
SAF
S
tandard E 3A and
the
E 3C'
Hisforg
of
AEW
Ithas beenobvious sincemanwas
in
thetrees
thatthehigher
the
eye,
the
further
it
can
see.
Given the
rapid development
of
radar in World
War
I
I
it
was
inevitable
that
an
attempt
would
be
made
to
fly
radar
aerials
far
higher
than
the tallest
ground-
basedradarmast.
The acronym AEW (airborne
early
warning) could
be
taken to extend
back
to the
Battle of Fleurus
in
1
794.
when
French
Colonel J-M.J. Coutelle
used
a
balloon
to
obtain AEW of
the enemy's movements.
ln practice it
is
taken
to
mean
the
use
of
radar
and
other
sensors
to
obtain advance information of enemy
air
attacks,
naval
force movements and even
land
force dispositions, at distances
many
times
greater than
the limit
possible
with the
human eye
or other
traditional
warning
methods.
'l
Radal
as a
reliable and practical electronic
warning system
dates
f
rom
936,
but
early
sets weighed
about
a
ton
and required mbsts
some
61
m
(200
ft)
in
height.
To
f
it a
radai into
an
aeroplane took until
1
937; on
1
6
August
of
that
yea.r
a
crude prototype of what was crypt
cally
called
RDF.2
took to the
air in
one
of
the
RAF's'first m6dern monoplanes,
an
Avio Anson Mk
I
(K6260). During
World War
ll
airborne
radars
were
used
solely
for
helping interceptors
to
engage hostile
aircraft, bombers
find their
targets and maritime aircraft locate ships and
U-
boats,
but
in
the
final
week
of
the war,
on
B
August
1945,
the American
radio
lndustry
began
work
on Project
Cadilla,
the
first
big
surveillance
radar
to provide
complete
coverage
of
a large area
of
the
Earth's surface. The
chief
companles
were
General Electric
and
Hazeltine.
On'13
November
1946
the
first flight
prototype
of the
resulting
radar, the
APS-20,
flew
in a
US
Navy Grumman
TBM-3W
Avenger,
the
radar's presence
b'eing
obvious
f
rom
a
colossal belly radome
which, from
its resemblance to the
fat-bellied
fish, resulted
in
the
nickname
of 'Guppy'
The
next set to fly was
a
refined installation in
a
PB-1W,
a
US
Navy
designation
for
the
Boeing
B-1 7
Fortress. By 1948 production
APS-2OA radars
were
f
lying
in
such aircraft
as
the
Gradually
AEW
radars
were
made
to yield
use{ul
pictures, though they
still
demanded
a
high standard
of
operator skill, constant vigilance and
completely
manualoperation
and
interpretation. APS-20A
radars
with
minorvariations
were
fitted
to
many aircraft in
the
1950s
includrng
the
Royal
Navy's
Fairey (later
Westland)
Gannet
AEW.Mk 3. When these
aircraft
were withdrawn
in about
1970
the
same
radars
were
transferred
to
RAF
Avro
Shackletons
which
had
already seen long service as
maritime
patrol aircraft. These venerable Shackle-
ton AEW.Mk 2s
are
still
in
service,
though they
will
not
have
to
go on
much
longer. Such noisy, uncomfortable and relatively cramped aircraft
pose
working
conditions
that
seriously
imparr
operator efficiency on long
patrols, and
their
limited ceiling
of
some
6095
m
(20,000
ft)
inevitably restricts
the
maximum
line-of-sight
radius
of vislon
to
about
T60
km
(100 miles), 240
km
(150 miles)
less than
with
a hlghJlying
1et.
With
various models
of
USAF
and
US Navy Lockheed Super Constellation
new AEW
radars
were
used
wlth
much
larger aerials, in
some
cases
with
the
azimuth aerial
rotating below the
f
uselage and an elevation aerial nodding in
a
giant fin-like fairing above the
f
uselage. The
US
Navy's Grumman
E-1 B
Tracer,
a
variant
of the
S-2
Tracker
ASW
arrcra;t,
p
oneered
the
use
of
an
AEW
aerial
rotating
inside
a
giant saucer-like
radcn'e
nrgh
above
the
fuselage.
lts
replace-
ment,
the
Grumman
E-2
Hawkeve,
nlrodlced
a rotodome
aerial
which itself
rotated
on
top
of
a
dorsal
pylon. Tne
sere
lea
was taken much
furtherwith
the
giant9.'14-m(30-ft)
rotodomeoithe!\esrfg.oJSeAPY-l
radardesignedforthe
Boeing
E-3
Sentry of
the USAF
Basec
:'
:-e
a
-ran'e
of
the
Model
707-3208,
-
this aircraft
raised
operatrng
he
glts
::
:-=
I
:c
-
J0
000-it)
level, and
with
an
'l
unrefuelled endurance
of
1
norrs
..,c
:r
,,.
:-
.
c:
.adar power
and
compre-
Lockheed
P2V
Neptune, Douglas AD-3W Skyraider
and
Grumman AF-2W
Guar-
dian.
This classic
r'adar
had
a
peak
output of
1
megawatt
(one
million
watts),
fed
ro
a
2.44-m
(BJt)
elliptical
dish aerial
rotating
insrde
a
giant
frbreglass radome
which
posed
severe structural problems.
lt
operated
in
what was then
called
S-band
(today
E/F
band).
Shorterwavelengths were
not
possible, because
ofthe
time taken
(even at
the
speed
of
light)
for
each
pulse of
energy
to
reach the
target and return. For example
at
a
target
range
of
160
km
(100 miles)
the
timebase cannot run
faster than
1,000 per second or
the
pulses
will
not
return
before
the
next one goes out.
Thus
the
prf (pulse recurrence frequency) cannot
be higher
than
1,000.
In
the
early stages there
were
also
severe problems
with
the
massive
ref
lectlons
f
rom
the
ground or
sea,
which
tended
to
obliterate the
important targets such
as ships
or
low{lying
aircraft.
ri-- -:
:--.:
-<e
all modern AEW
j-:. ::
:::h
pulse reflections
':
=
.:
isn
=t
:"'=:-=^:. :. .
,'.
-
:^
.a^v
according
to the
and also analyse Doppler
relative speed
of the targei.
S-::e==
.=:-:- =-::
'.:-O
and
E-3C
versions
have
improved
capabilrty'o'
;s:
:,,:-
aa:-
:-: :-r :::
:s
r,vell
as enhanced
anti-jamming
capabiiity.
Little
is
known
abouttne
S:.
::
--::
=.
---'-: ,',-:'
s
a
Tu-1
14
wlth
a
nave been deroga-
rotodome
looking
very
ike'.'=::'
.^
=--:
-
!
.
,:
l
.-
tory, whereas the only
evida-:=
.
".
..
=
:
-:
'-.=.--:^:s
ccoos
te, the perform-
=
anceof oneof
thesemonsre's
-:-=
-r: r'.
.-.-
,..'
.'l9Tl
provingdectsive
in enabling
lndian
attack
a:-'z'.'.-
-:
=
-:.: '-:
'::.ji-ate
rnterdiction mis-
sions
by
night.
TheTu-126
s
er:::.::
-:
:-
-=:
:-:r
l,
3
modified llyushin
ll-76
or
ll-86.
Newest of the
surve:lla:::
:
.-'---.
.-='.-=
l-
-
.^
\i
mrod
AEW.Mk
3 and
USAF Lockheed
TR-l.
Tne
=:'-=-
.
:-
:-::1:-l
-:
.
effective
machine over
^ose
and
tail each
having
land
and
sea,
with
a
new
a'-:-
r=^-
=--
--
.-
=-
-.=
':
an
unobstructed
view
c',e'
'-a-'
--=
-=-' :
,-=
-ewest
member
of
the
highJlying
U-2
family,
fitte:
.",
:-
: :.-:-=::-:::-:-':
radar
which
provides
a
picture
of
exceptional
deta
:' . ".- :
=-
:-
.'.:-
-
a
belt about
B0
km
(50
hensive communications
lvar
!,.:'i- ::
aircraft
the
E-3 has a pulse-Dop.l.
?'
-aa.-
m les)
wide
to one
s,oe
:'
:-
.
.=
:','-
Eecauseitfiad
the
biggest bodycross-sectjon
lh
the
RAF,
a
General
Aircrafl
Hantitcar Mk
X
powered
glider
rltas
used
to
fest
the
first
British'4EW
radar
with
2.3-m
(90-in)
scanner.
The
lumbering
machine was based
at
Telecommunications
Flying
Unil,
Defford, until
I
0
February
I
948.
B
r
itain's
F
leet
Air
Arm
w as
Iu
c
ky
e
n
o
u
gh
t
o
r
ece iv
e
AD
4W
S
kyr
aider
AEW
aircraft under
the
MDAP
aid
prograrnm
e.
rn
I
3
5
I .
They retained
original
Sea
BlueGloss
finkh,
as
they
did
not
blong
to
Britain,
and
in
this
picture the
November
1
956
blacldyellow'Suezslripes'
are
seen.
A
W
or
]d
War
I
I design
adap
ted
to
mee
t
the
U
S
N avy's
post-war
anti'
submarine
needs was the
Grumman
Avenger, in
this
instance
a
TBM-3W'2
',,lhich
carried
the
APS-20
radar in
the
large
ventral housing, and had
the
rear
:urret replaced
and
faired
over
to
house
further
detection
equipment.
One
can
almost hear
the
fantiliar buzzing
drone
as a
Westland
(or, previously,
Fairey) Gannet AEW.Mk
3
of
Royal
Navy
No.
8498
Flight
comes
in
over the
deck
oI
HMS
Ark Royal.
The
blacklyellow
tail was painted after
a
visit to
the
USA.
This mark
of
Gannet
serued
from
I
960-79.
Airborne
Early
Warning
Aircraft
Above
:
The
Grumman
E
-
I
T'r
a
c-e
r
variant of
the
S-2
Tracker
haci
a
:.::+
fixed radome
above
the
fuseiage
'
with
alargeAPS-82
search
raca:
E-
I
B
rotatingwithinthe
dome.
A
folar
cj!,:
Tracers
was
built.
Above
:
US
N
avy
BuAer
no.
I 43 I
9
was
a
turbo-compound
powered
Lockheed
WV-2
(later
EC-
I
2
I
K)
Warning
Star.
The
narrow dorsal
I
hump concealed
a
height-finding
radar
with
a
much
larger
belly
radome
covering
an
azimuthal
radar.
Right
:
Lockheed
EC
-
I
2
I
W
arning
Slar yersjons
ofSuper Constellalion
were
theworld's
most
important
AEW
aircraft
from
j954
until
the
late
.1960s,
some
con
tinuing
to
serve
in
nine yersrbns. This,
oneofthe
last
Below
:
The
equipping
of the
I
ar
ge
American attack carriers
with
t-h.e
E
-
2A H
awkeye
meant that
the
E
-
.
E
with
the USAF
Reseryein
the
I
970s,
was
an EC-
I
2
I
Q
or
EC-
I
2
IT.
complement
of the sm
aller'
H
a,r.
c
c,:.<
class
ASW
carriers.
The
later
yea::
::
theVietnamWar
saw
both
rypes:-:
operation in
the
China
Sea
and
t\e
Gulf
of
Tonkin.
Tracer
was
gradually
phased
ou:
ai
service, seeing out their
days
in
ce

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