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Volume3
Issue
3l
CONTENTS
Armoured
Vehicles
of World War
Minenra armoured
cu
602
602
603
604
605
606
606
607
612
612
613
614
616
616
617
Austin-Putilov armoured cars
Consultant
Editor:
Major
General Sir
Jeremy Moore
KCB OBE
MC, Comman-
der
of
British
Land
Forces
during
the
Falklands campaign.
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The
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MACHINE published
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Publishing
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has no connection
with
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WAR
IVACHINE
published
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latter is a
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(iii):
Affiallil
MoD/AE:a]iil
Managing Editor:
Stan Morse
MoD.
{iv):
AEa
Armoured
\bhicles
oI
A
Tank
Mk IV (Male) with
short 6-pdr
guns
displays
the 'No
have
eyes,
how can
see?'
insignia possibly
bestowed
by
Chinese
labourers
in
France.
This
tankwas
presented
to
theTankCorps
by
the President
of
the Federal Council of
the
Malay
States.
Atmoured vehieles
of
Wotld
War
I
were
noQarticularly
good
as
fighting
machines, Wheeled
vehicles
could
not
handle
the
tenain,
and
those using
the
recenfly-invented
conlinuous
fuack
were
slow
and
prone to
brcakdown,
Yet
the
German
High
Command,
wete
to claim
in
I9l8
that
armoured
vehicles,
particularly
the tank, were a
major factor
in the
Alliedvictory.
The
weapon
that was to
become
widely
known
as
the tank was
virtually
forced upon
the
armies
of
World
War
I
by
the
very nature
of
the
terrain
over
which
the embattled armies had
to
operate,
After
the end
of
I9l4
the
war settled down
to
what
was
practically
a
siege campaign,
but on
a
scale that
no
one had
ever conceived posslble,
The German army and its
French and British opponents faced
each
other
across
a
strip
of
country
in northern
France that was
swept by the flrepower produced
by
the
machine-gun and
massed
artillery,
The opposing
armres
lived
a
miser-
able
life
in therr trenches and dugouts, and from time
to
time made
an
eifort to break the
stalemate
by
laying
on
mass
attacks
presaged
and
supported
by
huge
artiilery
concentrations,
It
was
all
to no
avail,
Every time
an
attempt
was
made by either side
to
cross the
contested
strip
of
land known
as
the Western Front the result was slaughter on
a
massive scale, No matter how intensive
or
how thorough the
artillery's
machine-gun
fire
could be
delivered
and there
was always
a
machlne-
gmn
somewhere
that was
able
to
survive
the
shell-fire,
To the
soldiers
of
the day
there seemed
to
be
no
answer
to
thrs
deadlock
and
a1l
they
could
contrive
was
to
make
the preparatory bombardment
that much more
intense and
concentrated,
But
the
machine-gun
always
suwived
and the
casualty tolls continued to lengthen,
The
answer
to
all this
destruction
of
life was
so
straightforward
that
we
now
wonder why it
was
neglected
so
long.
The
alsarer
was a simple
layer
of
armour plate and
llght
armament
carried
on
a
powered
chassis
that
we
now
call
the tank, These
new vehicles
had
to
be
able
to
cross the
devastated
terrain
that
the French country had become between
the
lines, cross
the deep
trenches in
which
the hapless infantry
lived
and
died,
and get through
to
the open country beyond, Once
the tanks
had
got
there,
the theorists
proposed, fluid warfare
and the
desffuctton
of
the
enemy
could
progress
once
more.
What
those proponenls
did
not
realize was that they had
created
a
new weapon wrth
whch
all
future
wars
were
to
be
fouqht,
A
Tank
IV (Female)
in
the
ruined
streets
of
Peronne
during
the
German
attacks of
March
1918.
The small sponsons
for
the
machine-gans
can
be
clearly
seen,
and
the
tank carries
an
unditching
beatn
over
the
rear
tracks;
this
was.used to help
the
vehicle clear
a
trench
if
it was unable
to do
so
using
the tracks alone.
preparatory bombardment,
there
was
always
a
flank from
which
BELGIUM
Minerva
armoured
car
The story
of the
Belgian Minerva
armoured cars
side
Belgrum,
which
is a pity
as in
many ways
the
Belgrans
were
the
progtenitors
of armoured car
warfare
and demonstrated to others how
such
vehicles could
be used,
so
anttcipating
a
type
of
mobile combat
that was not to
realize its full form
until World War
IL
Almost as soon
the
Germans
in-
vaded
Belgium in August
1914
cavalry
sweeps ahead
of
the main
body
of
the
rs
now
little
known out-
heavily outnumbered
the
Belgians,
who
soon
took to usinq the
mobility of
the
motor
car
as
a
counter
aQlainst
Ger-
man
numbets,
By
the end
of
the
month
two
Minerva touring cars
were
pro-
vided with
improvised armour at
the
Cockerill works
at Hoboken and
sent
German army
were
encountered by
the
Belgians.
Usually
the
Germans
into
action.
These
early
cars
were
simply commercial models with
sheets
of
4-mm
(0,
around the enqine and
sides,
and
with
16-in)
armour plating
in open
order
across open country
or
along roads,
The sinqie
machine-qun
of a
Mrnerva armoured car
could cre-
ate havoc
rn
such
condittons
and
fre-
quently did
just
that.
But this
period
did
not last long.
By
October
19
14
the
line
of trenches had
reached
the Yser
region,
and
there the
Belgian army remained
until
1918,
The
useful
and
their
pertod of
immediate
Germans also
went
ahead
with
their
own
designs
for armoured
cars,
While
the
Westem
Front was
'out' as
far
as
Belgran
armoured
car units
were
armoured car unit
was
formed for ser-
vice
in
Russia
against
the
Germans,
There
the
Belgrian
cars
performed
sterling
semce
until they
were
ship-
ped
home
in
19lB,
Once
back in
Bel-
A
section
of
B e
lgi
a
n
Minew
a
the top
left
open
for a
Hotchkiss
machine-grun
mounting, Before very
long the first trvo
cars
were
followed
by
further
examples wrth
a more
for-
mal
armoured
hull but
retaininq
the
same
basic layout.
With this
small
concerned, a specral
Belgian
armoured
cars operates
near
Houthem
in
September
I
9
I
7.
The
cars
are
all
armed
with
Hotchkiss
machine-wns,
and
the
designhad
by
force the
Belgians showed
what
armoured
cars
could
do:
acting odgl-
nally
as
a
form
of
motortzed
cavalry
they carried
out
long
reconnaissance
missions,
gathered intelhgence
of the
enemy
s
movements,
gave
fire
and
1917
been
sufficiently formalized
for spotlights
to
become
standard.
Specification
Minewa
Crew:3
to
6
Weight:4
tons
Powerplant:
one
unknown
petrol
Dimensions:lengrth
4.90
m
(16
ft
I
in);
width
1.75
m
(5 ft 9
in);
heiqht
2,30
m
/a
f+
area was too
wet
and boggy
for
armoured cars
to
achieve
anythlng
action passed. But
durlng the
few
weeks
they
had
been
in
action
theY
gium the
umts
re-equipped, and
in
there appeared yet
another
ver-
sion
of the
basic Minerva
armoured
car,
thrs
time
with
an
armoured
tullet.
But
the
old
1914
Minewas
were
re-
1919
other support to lnfantry attacks when
possible,
and also
carried
out
lonq dis-
ruption
missions
behrnd
the lines
of
the
German advance,
It
was
perhaps
the
Iast
type
of
mission that attracted
most
attention, for
at
that stage
ofthe war the
Germans
were advancinq
or
marchinql
had demonstrated to all
who cared
to
learn what the
armoured
car
could
achieve, The Belqian
examPle
was
copied directly
by
the
British
Royal
Naval
tained
in
sewice, usually
for use
by the
Gendarmerie,
with which
some
were
still in
use
as
late as
1933,
Al /^
;-\
Air
Service squadrons
and
the
Performance: maximum
speed
40
km/h
(25
mph); range
not
known
ffi W
iustin-Putilovarmouredcars
The
bulk
and
height
of
the
Austin-
Putilov armoured
car
can
be
seen
in
Althouqh
the
vehicles known as
the
Austin-Putilov armoured
cars
had Brit-
rsh
origins they may be
assumed to
be
Russian,
as most
of
them
were
pro-
duced
and
r.rsed
there, another point
s
that
their
size was such that
they might
also
be termed armoured
trucks.
In
1914
the
Russian
army
was
so
short of
equrpment
that
it
had
to
turn
to
armoured
plates and
the
armoured
cowls over
the
heavy
machine-Wn
barrel j
ackets.
These
armoured cars
were among the best
that
the
Russian
army had.
this
sideview.Note
the
rivetted
the
United
Kingdom
to
supply
armoured
cars.
Various types were in-
volved
but one
of
these was
an
Austin
design,
a fairly
massive
design with
twin turrets and
solid-tyred
wheels,
TVro
types ofhull were supplied,
one
of
which
had the
armour over
the
driver's
posrtion arranged in such
a
way that
it
restricted the traverse of both of
the
glm tuffets,
each of
which
mounted
a
single Maxim
machine-gmn, This
early
arrangement was soon
altered
in
This werght rncrease was brouqht ab-
out
mainly
by
the
use of
thrcker (max-
imum
8 mm/O.3
15
in)
chrome-steel
favour
of
a
lower
cab, but
on
this
model
the
weight
was
rncreased
by
l,16
tons,
armour and
a
revision of the
drivingt
arangements.
The
original
British de-
sigm
could
be
steered from the
front
only, but the
Russians
wanted steering
ftom
the
rear
as
well
and the revisions
placed for
200
Austin
armoured
cars,
but
not
many
were
ever
delivered,
The
main reason was that Austin was
already stretched
to the
limit
to
supply
vehicles for the
British
army and
had
few facilitres
to
spare for the
Russians.
Instead
of
complete armoured
cars
they supplied
bare
chassis
instead
direct
to
the
Putilov works,
where
the
Russians
were
able to add
whatever
strengrthening they thought necessary
and make
some of
their own modifrca-
tions to
the hull,
This
mainly
involved
staggering
the twin
turrets so
that
although each still covered only
a
270'
traverse they could together cover
a
slightly
wider fleld
of
fire,
A
later
in-
verted the vehicle into
a
half{rack;
novation
was
the introduction
of
tracks
in place
of
the rear wheels
which
con-
From
1914
to
1917
the Russians
used
many
lypes ol armoured car.
ranglng
from
direct
imports
to
Iocal tmprovisa-
tions,
but the
most
important type was
the
Austin-Putilov.
It
was
numerically
required to
accommodate
this
re-
quuement added to the werght,
This
was not the
only
rearrangement
de-
manded
by
the
Russrans,
who
soon
found that the harsh Russian
conditions
were
too much
for the British vehicles,
which broke down
frequently,
Despite
such
problems orders
were
eventually Putilov
ceased
production
of the armoured
cars at
its
St
Peters-
burg plant and
concentrated
on
the
half-track version. There was even
a
plan
to
produce
half-tracks in place
of
any more armoured cars but the re-
volutron
of
l9i7
occurred before
this
could be carried
out.
and
mechanically
the best
the
Rus-
sians
had
to
hand and
eventuallY
proved to
be
far
more suited
to
the
rough conditions under which the
Rus-
sians
had to fight,
During
1917
many
became
involved
in
the
internal
fightlng that accompanied the
events
leading
to
the
October
Revolution,
and
the type
can
frequently
be
seen in
Austin-Putilov armoured
cars
(continued)
photographs
of
the
period,
Some
were
used
by
Poland
after
I91B
and a few
even ended up
in
Japan,
Armoured Vehicles
of
World
War
I
Specification
Austin-Putilov
Crew:
5
Weight:5,3
tons
Powerplant:
one
SO-hp
(37.
3-kW)
Austin
petrol engine
Dimensions: lenqth
4.BB
m
(
16
ft 0
in);
width
1,95
m(6
ft43/+
in);
heisht
2,40
m
(7
ftl]Vzin)
Performance:
maxrmum
speed
50
krn/h
(31
mph); range
200
km
(125
mrles)
German
troops examine
a
captured
Au
s
tin-
P u
tilov
atmout
e
d
car,
probably
in
search of
loot.
Note the
prominent
Czarist
insignia
and the
height
of
these
vehicles, which can
be assessedby
comparison with
the
soldiers
standing around.
ffi
tantMkl
as
There is no space
in
these pages
to
provide
a
full
account of the
develop-
ment
of
the vehicles
that
led to
the
Tank
Mk
L
Sufflce
to
Say
that the
Mk
I
was the
production and servrce
model
of the
prototype vehicle known
'Mother',
which
was
the
eventual out-
come of
a
series
of
development mod-
els that
were
originally based on
the
use of
a
Holt
tractor
chassts,
By
the
time
'Mother'
was
produced,
the
original
Holt
desrgrn
had been
submergred
by
operational requirements
that
called
for
prodigrous trench-crossing capabi-
lities
that
the
Holt
concept could never
committee
and experimental
work,
and
it
was he
who conceived the idea
of usinq the
large and high track
out-
line
with
rts
characteristic
shape that
came to
be
the classic tank
outline
of
World War
L
'Mother' was demonstrated in
Janu-
ary and
February
1916,
and
soon
after
this the flrst
production
order
was
placed.
A
separate
arm
was
estab-
lished rn
March
1916
to
use
the
new
achieve, Lieutenant W,G, Wilson was
in
the main responstble
for
the
final
design of 'Mother' after
a
great deal
of
caused
casualties
so
that
the
crews
vehicle, which was named
the
'tank'
purely
as
a
cover, though
the
name
stuck and is
still in
use, The
first pro-
duction vehicles
were
issued
to
the
mid-1916,
and the
flrst
crews
were
Healry Section,
Machine-Gun Corps in
took to wearing chain mail
facial
armour,
The
Tank
Mk
I
could
cross
trenches
up to
2
44
m/B
ft
wide,
and
using external twin-wheel'steering
tails' that
proved
10
be unnecessary: in
action
they
were
frequently damaged,
Above: A
Tank I
(Male) moves
up
into
action
near Thiepval
in September
I916.
Items
to
note
are
the
anti-
grenade wire
mesh
screen
over the
hull
and
the
clumsy steering'tail' at
ffte
rear,'lftese steering
devices
were
discarded
after
a
shortwhile
as
they
proved
to
be
of
limited
value.
steering was at
first
accomplished
by
assembled
and
trained. The
Tank
Mk I
was
a
large and healry beast
powered
by
a
single Daimler
105-hp
(78,3-kW)
petrol
engine
carried in
an armoured
box
slung between
rhe
rwo
massive
lozenge-shaped
continuous
tracks,
mount
a
Originally
it
had been intended
to
turet
on
the top but thls
would
have made the design unstable
so
in-
stead
the main armament
of
two
6-pdr
(57-mm)
gnrns
was
placed
rn
one
spon-
son
on each
side.
The sponsons each
had
a single
Lewis
or
Hotchkiss
machine-gun,
and
a
thrrd
such
Qntn
was
fltted
for
extra defence,
The
6-pdr
(57-
yet
the tanks
could still be
steered,
Almost
as
soon
as the
flrst
tanks
appeared
rn France
in
mid-1916 they
were ordered
into action,
despite
the
fact
that
the vehicles
were
still full of
mechanrcal
'bugs' and
their
crews
were
barely trained,
Thus
the
first
Tank
Mk ls
went into
action
on
the
morningof
15
September
1916
at
Flers-
Cowcelette
in
a vain attempt to pro-
vide
some
impetus
to the
flagging
Somme Offensrve that
had been
under
way
srnce
July, Although
they
were
used
locally
in ones and
tuvos,
the
tanks
dtd
manage
to
make some
local
break-
throughs
and created panic when they
photographed coming
out
of the
battle
near
Fhers-Courcelette on
I
5
September
1916
after
the
first-ever
tank
action
took
place
there. Note the
armoured
cowls over
themachine-
guns
and
the
frame
for
the
anti-
grenade
screen.
Below
:
T
his
T
ank
M
k I
(
F
emale) was
mm) guns
were
ex-Admrralty
weapons
as
the
an
armament
when
requested.
The
vehicle
was
protected by armour plate
0.24
army would
not
supply
steel
joists but in
actron
this proved
unsatisfactory as
bullet
'splash' found
tts
way through the
armow
seams
and
(ranging
in
thickness
from
6
mm/
in
to
12mrn/0,47
in)
riveted
to
appeared,
But
the sad truth was
that
too
few
actually
grot
into
action.
Many
of
the planned
50
that
were
supposed
to
make the attack
simply broke down on
their way
to
the front, and others
were
prevailed everywhere,
lndrvidual
quickly boqged
down
in
the mud that
tanks
did
make deep impressions
rnto
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