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African
Volume3
Issue
29
CONTENTS
Light
Vehicles of World War
II
Kraftfahrzeug
2
(Stdwer 40)
562
562
563
564
564
VolkswagenKiibel
Kraftfalrzeug
I
I
(Auto-Union/llorch
l\rp
830)
Kraftfalrzeug
15
(Mercedes-Beru
340)
Daimler-BeruG5
Development
Consultant
Editor:
Major
General Sir
Jeremy Moore
KCB OBE MG,
Comman-
der
of
British
Land
Forces
during
the
Falklands campaign.
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Coe
pbotograph- Irnperial
War
MNeu.
561: lmperia]
Wil
MreurLftnpenal
Wn Mweui.
56e
:!E.a
-,"-s
Muew.
563;
Imperial
Wd
MNeum&obert Hmt Ubrary.
564;
Impenal
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:ris::r-Robert
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Library.
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Mrem
569t Irnpenal
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Mffi'sxilmperial
W*
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522:
a.I
Inperial
Wa
Mwem.
5?3:
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bnpenal
Wd
Mrem.
574: Imperial
Wd
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Wn MNeudlmperial Wd
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5?6:
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Wd
Mueum/Imperial
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580t John F. Milsom.
ti$tVehicles
of
\lllorld
\lilcr
World
War
II
saw much
in
the
way of
iwtovalion,
and
one
of
the
major
changes
involved
the
vastly
increased mobility
of
arntjes.
Fot
the
first
time,
whole fottnations
were
motorized,
and
supporting
the
fighting
troops were
a
host
of
vehicles
of
manytyryes"
T
hi.e
ll
Allies
fought,
and
no
vehicle
J
eep
w
as
found wherever the
contributed more
to
thewar effort.
From
the
Pacific
jungles
to
the
slopes
of
erupting
Ves
uv
ius, the
J
eep
g
ave
sterlingsewice.
In
recent years
a
wealth
of
information has
been published
about
armoured fightinq vehicles, but relatively
little
has
appeared on
the
ubiquitous
'B'
vehicle,
the
unarmoured vehicle designed specifically for
military
use,
without which modern
armies
would
be
unable
to
move, On
the
Allied
side, almost total
reliance
was upon
US
production:
the
UK
had
lost
a
major
proportion
of
its
'B'
vehicles
with
the
retreat
from Dunkirk,
and the Soviet Union,
evacuating
lts
industry
to
the
east
before
the
rapid
German advance, concentrated its industrial might upon
AFV produc-
tion,
relying
almost
entirely
upon
US
Lend-Lease vehrcles for logisticat
and support
functions.
A-11
nations
had made great
efforts
to
achieve
standardrzatlon and
reduce
the
variety
of
vehicle
types
to
a
mlnimum, In
the Allies'
case
this
was
not difficult; the
USA managed
to restrict
rts
unarmoured
vehicle
programme
to
a
very limited
number
of
types
(six
basic
ciasses),
and
the fact that it was the
principal
contrlbutor
to
Atlied
production facilitated widespread
standardlzation
with
major
advan-
tages
in
maintenance and
resupply.
The Germans
also
had
begnrn
the
war
with
a standardizatlon prognamme,
introducing
the
Elnieil
(stan-
dard)
or
'E'
vehicles, each
class
of which had several
manufacturers
producing models
that
were
built
to
the same
specification, Unfortr;aaie-
ly for
them, these
vehicles
suffered from severe mechanical
reliabrhlr
problems,
were
complex
to
servlce and
maintain,
and could not be
easily mass-produced
ln the
quantities
required;
so
civilian
models had
to
be
adopted. As the
Germans
occupied country after
country,
the;,r-
gathered more
and
more vehicles,
and
by
the
time
the Soviet campaigm
was
well
under way there
were
some
1,500
different
types
of
ur:-
armoured
vehicle
in
German service. This made maintenance
a::d
resupply
a
nightmare, and contrlbuted
as
a
significant factor
to
'.iie
eventual German defeat. Towards the
end of
the
war the
Germals
completed
a
new
standardlzation proqramme
(the
Schell
Progrran.
under which
the
famous
Volkswagen
Kilbel
and
Opel-Blitz
lorry
bcre
most
of
the
brunt
of
the
requirements,
By this
time,
however,
it
was far
icc
late,
The
end
of
the
war, and in
northern
ltaly
the
victorious
|th
US
Army
meets
elements
of
theGermanZthArmy.
By this
time,
German
transportconsistd
whatever
vehicles could
be obtained.
oI
.T
i
$
g
trI
1st
i#"nt"n
rzeus2
(Stower
40)
DurLnq
1934
the
Germans made
the
attempts
to
create
standardized
iEinhett) vehrcles for
the
Wehrmacht,
Until this time vehicles employed
for
cross-country
work
had
been
based
on commercial
designs
or
were
con-
versions
of
them. The
new army motor-
Made
from
1936, the
Kfz
2
was a
standard
body
desigm
based on
mechanical
components of
several
manufacturers.
The
St5wer
40
was
a
4x4
design, and, as here,
was
often
the basis
for
radio
cars.
ization programme
placed
great
emphasis upon
the
design
of
vehicles
from
not
only technical but
also
oper-
ational consideratrons.
A
new
system
of
Kfu,
(Kraftfafuzeug,
or motor
vehtcle)
(irrespective
of
make or model)
to
de-
note
their
tactical
or military
function.
With few
exceptions,
for the
vehicles
covered here these
Kfz
numbers
were
broken down into the following
clas-
ses:
I
to
10
covered I.Pkw
(eic.hter
Personenlaaftwagen,
ot
ligrht
person-
nel
carrier);
11
to
20
covered
m,Pkw
medium personnel carrier); and
2l
to
30
covered
s,Pkw
(schuzerer
Per-
sonenkraftwagen,
or
heavy personnel
carrier),
The
LPkw was a standard vehicle
irrespectrve
of its models or manufac-
turers,
with the
exception of
the
en-
gine, which was
always
that
of
the
manufacturer and
commercially
avail-
numbers was introduced, whereby
numbers
were allotted to
vehicles
(mittlerer
Personenkraftwagen, or
Specification
Kfz
2
(Stower 40)
Dimensions: length
3,58
m
(1
I
ft 9
in);
1.78
able.
The
engine
was
made by
Stower,
BMW
and
Hanomag fuom
1936
on-
wards, The
Stower
model
(Kraftfahr-
zeug
2)
used
AW2 and
RIB0W
water-
cooled
4-cylinder
OHV
petrol
engines
with dry-sump lubricatron,
The chassis
width
I.57
m(5
ft2
in);
heisht
m
(5
ft
10
in);
wheelbase
2.24
m
(7 ft 4
in)
Weight:net
IB15
kq
(4,001
lb)
was
of
normal
type
with a
frame of
rectangmlar
section, side- and
cross-
members,
and
bracinq
to support the
engdne, transmission
and body,
The
hood was
hinged down the centre and
fastened
on
each
side
by
two
clips,
The
chassis
was used for the 4-seater
Powerplant:one
Stower
AW2
or
R
180W
4-cylinder
OHV
petrol engrne
developins
50
bhp
(37,3
kW)
Transmission:
five
forward
and
one
reverse gears
Tyres: 5,50x
18
(metric)
A
Luftwaffe
Kfz
2
in the desert. The
JunkersJu
87 'Stukas' are
iust
returning from
a
mission,
as
shown
light car
(Kfu
I)
and for a
variety of
other special-purpose
vehicles.
by
their
bombless
condition.
ffi
#orr.t*aqenKirbel
World War 2
was
the
Volkswaqen
One
of
the most famous
military
cars
of
Kiibel, the
German Jeep,
During
1933
Hitler had
instructed
hvo car
desig-
ners (Dr
Porsche
of
Auto-Union
and
Werlin
of Mercedes-Benz) to
develop
a
'peopie's
car'
(Volkswagen).
The
basic Volkswagen took shape on
Por-
sche's
drawrnq board
as
early
as i934,
In
1936
the first
design
for
a
Volks-
waqen
cross-country appeared,
de-
siqnated Volkswagen
Typ
62, When
the
decision
was
reached
that the
only
new personnel
carrier
to
be
employed
by
the
Wehrmacht would
be
the
Volkswagen, sewing
as
the
standard
[ght
passenger
car for all arms,
design
changes
were
requested
resultingt
in
the Typ
82.
During
l93B
work
was
undertaken on the Volkswagen
plant
at
Wolfsburg,
and
production began
in
March
1940.
maintenance
level, the vehicle
fully
met the hrgh demands of
military
use,
especially
in the
desert
and
USSR.
The
military
version had
a
tourtnq
body of
The
vehicle
was desrgned for
llght-
ness
and
ease
ofmanufacture,
Built
as
cheaply
as possible,
it
comprtsed
components of
simple
design. Gener-
aily, the layout
was
very
stmilar
to
that
of
the Jeep. The
method
of
suspension,
together
u,'rth
the
use
of
a
selfJochng
differential, gave
it
remarkably
good
cross-country
performance,
After
ini-
tial problems,
the 998-cc Volkswagen
Typ
I
4-cylinder HiAR air-cooled
en-
gine
soon
became
one
of
the most
relt-
able powerplants ever. With
rts
excel-
lent
automotive qualities
and
simple
562
sheet metal
with a
folding
top. Fow
doors
were
provrded, and
weather
protection was afforded
by
a folding
canvas hood
and side
screens,
The
body
panels
were
mostly
of
l8-gauge
stampinqs, T\rbular
struts
were
used
as
the basic
structural members
of
the
body.
The
engine cylinders
were
of
'H'
form and laid
flat at
the
bottom of the
car. The
chassis
consrsted
ofa
central
welded-steel
tube
bifurcating
at
the
rear
to
support the
engdne
and
trans-
mission,
and the
steel
floor on
each
side
of
the central
member
supported
the body, The front axle
consisted
of
steel tube which
housed
the
tvvo
tor-
sion bars of the
suspension.
At
each
side
of
the differential were
universal
The
ubiquitous Kiibel
(
bucket)
joints
providinq
centres about which
the
tvuo
rear
driving
axles
could artrcu-
late, and the
rear
wheels
were
stabrl-
producedfrom l94l-5.
sewed
wherever
the
G
erm an armie
s
were. Allie
d
/
G
e
rm
an
production
contrasts are
underlined by
the
fact
that
only
55,000
of
these
handy
vehicles were
produced from
I
940,
as
compared
with
600,000-plus Jeeps
absorbers
controlled
the
movement of
the
rear
sprrnging. The
sleering
gea-r
and
connectors
were
of
conventional
type, The
brakes
were
mechanical
cable-operated, and
had
double
lever
actron
on the brake
shoes. Transms-
sron
was through
a
single-p1ate clutch
ized laterally from the
differential
housingt.
The
auxillary gearboxes
rn
each
rear wheel
brought the two half-
shafts
higher and
so qave
a
greater
ground
clearance.
There
was inde-
pendent
suspension on all
fow wheels,
and double-action hydraulic
shock-
Volkswagen Ktibel (continued)
gearbox An
overdrrve was
incorpo-
rated in fourth gear. The fuel tank was
located
below the
rnstrument
panel,
Light
Vehicles
of
World
War
II
Specification
VolkswagenKi.ibel
Dimensions: length
3,73 m (12
ft
3
in);
width
1,60
m
(5 ft
3
in);
heiqht
1,35
m
(4 ft
5
in);
wheelbase
2,39 m (7
ft
10
in)
Weight:
net
635
kq
(
1,400
lb)
Powerplant:
one
Volkswagen
Typ
1
4-
cyltnder
HIAR 998-cc
petrol engine
developing
24
bhp
(17.9
kW),
or
from
March
1943
one
Volkswagen
4-
cylinder
I
13l-cc petrol engine
developing23
bhp
(18,6
kW)
Transmission:
limited-slip
differentral
giving
four
forward
and one
reverse
gears,
with overdrive
on
fourth
gear
Tyres:5,25x
16
facing the front right-hand
seat,
Thrs
vehicle
was also
designed
with
an
enclosed body, desrgnated Typ
92,
All models
burlt
from
March
1943
had
a
larger
engine
(1131-cc
capacrty),
By
the
end
of
the
war
some
55,000
Typ
B2s
had been produced
(productron
ceased
in mid-1944), To
accommodate
the various
bodies required,
an
order
was
issued
on
2 Augmst
1940
deman-
ding widening
of
the
chassis
by
be-
tween
6
and
B
cm
(2,36
and
3,15
in)
in
what
became the
Typ
86.
The normal
Kiibelwagen was
not
very
successful
in
the
desert
and
so
the
Tropenfest
(tropical)
version was
developed with
numerous
changes
including
the
use
of
larger
sand
tyles, Volkswagen
Kiibels
used in
Africa were
often
refered
to as
Deulscftes
Kamel
(German
camel).
Kiibelswere
not
atfirst
successful
in
alte
v
pwpose
models
of the
Volkswagen
Kiibel, many
of
them adopted
by
the
Wehrmacht.
There
were
numerous special-
deserf,
so
a
Tropenfest
(tropr'cal)
ersion
was deve lope d.
C
hange
s
were numerous,
including
the
use
of
sand
tyrcs,
and
the
alteredmodel
came
to
be
known
as
the'German
camel'.
ffi
i#"nt"n
ruevgl I (Auto-Union/Horch
Typ
830)
made
extensive
use
of
commercial
cars
as a
means
of
motorizrng the var-
Before
the
introduction
ofthe
standard
(Einhett) vehicles,
the
German
army
military
bodies
in
the
I
930s.
Originally
used
as a
troop
carrier
The
Horch
Tlp
830 was one of
many
commercial
designs
fitted with
and
radio
car,
the
vehicle saw actton
in
most theatres.
ious arms and servrces The
Auto-
Union/Horch
Typ
830
was one of
the
many
commercial
passengter car chas-
sis
fitted
wlth
various
military
bodies
between the
late
1920s
and
early
1930s.
V-B
powerplants with
a
capaciry
of
3,
3,2
and
3,5
lltres
were
installed,
Since
only
the
rear
wheels
were
driven,
larger
tyres and different rear-
axle
ratios
helped
to
increase
the
types' cross-country performance. The
vehicles
saw
action in
most
theatres of
war,
the majority
of
them
fitted
wrth
open
superstructures
and
used
as
prime
movers
for
light infantry
guns,
as
well
as
radio
communications vehi-
cles, The signal
troops
also
used
a
vari-
ety
of enclosed
van-type bodies.
The
lI
was
a
closed-bodred
com-
munications or radio
vehicle
based on
this
chassis
wrth two
seats
and
a boot.
The closed
body
was often made
of
wood, Later production
models
were
frtted
with
sheet-metal
doors and re-
Kfz
movable
side
windows.
Eventually
of the medium standard cross-country
Opel.
production
was drscontinued in favour
personnel carrrer
built from
1937
on-
wards
by
Horch and,
after
1940,
by
Specification
Kfz
I
I
(Auto-Unior/Horch
Typ
830)
Dimensions: lenqth
4.80
m
(
15
ft 9
in);
width
t.B0
m
(5
ft
I
i
in);
height
LBS
m
(6
ft
I
in);
wheelbase
3.20
m
(10 ft 6
in)
Weight:
net
990
kg
(2, 183
Ib)
Powerplant:
one
Horch
V-B
2.98-litre
petrol engine developing
70
bhp
(52 2
kW)
18
Transmission:
ZF
Aphon with four
forward
and one
reverse gears
Tyres:6.0x
(metric)
1
1
saw
action
in
Poland
as
a
personnel
carrier.
I
nfantry
who
were
not
lucky
enough
to
get
places
in the
cars
or
trucks
had
to make
dowith
bicycles
or their own two
feet.
The
Kfz
r63

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