Das M.K., History of Odisha.pdf

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DDCE/History (M.A)/SLM/Paper
HISTORY OF ODISHA (FROM
EARLIEST TIMES TO 1434 A.D.)
By
Dr. Manas Kumar Das
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CONTENT
HISTORY OF ODISHA (FROM EARLIEST TIMES TO 1434 A.D.)
Unit.No.
UNIT- I.
Sources of Ancient History of Odisha: Literary Sources,
Foreign Accounts, Inscriptions, Coins, Material Remains,
Madala Panji.
b. Historical Geography: Kalinga, Utkala, Odra, Tosali,
Kangoda and Kosala.
c. Kalinga War- Causes and Result.
UNIT.II.
a.
b.
c.
UNIT – III.
The Somavamsis- Early History- dynastic history and achievements
of rulers: cultural significance of the Somavamsi Rule.
b. The Ganga- Sources, Political History,( Anantavarman
Chodagangadeva, Anangabhimadeva and Narasimhadeva I)
c.
Ganga Administration.
d.
Cultural significance of the Ganga rule
UNIT – IV.
a.
b.
c.
Growth of temple architecture.
131-154
Society and Economy- during the Bhaumakara, Somavamsis and the155-174
Ganga Period.
The Cult of Jagannath- Origin, Development and Impact on
175-185
Odishan Society.
a.
82-95
95-117
118-123
124-130
The Mahameghavahanas: Career and achievements of Kharavela,
Time of his rule.
Rise of local dynasties: Matharas, Sailodbhavas and early eastern
Ganga.
The Bhaumakaras- Origin, Chronology and Administration.
36-45
46-64
65-81
a.
03-16
Chapter Name
Page No
17-27
28-35
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UNIT-1
Chapter-I
SOURCES OF ANCIENT HISTORY OF ODISHA:
Literary Sources, Foreign Accounts, Inscriptions, Coins, Material Remains, Madala Panji
Structure
1.1.0. Objectives
1.1.1. Introduction
1.1.2. Sources of ancient history of Odisha
1.1.2.1.
Literary sources
1.1.2.1.1.
The epics
1.1.2.1.2.
The Jaina sources
1.1.2.1.3.
The Buddhist sources
1.1.2.1.4.
Other important ancient literature
1.1.2.1.5.
Literary sources during Ganga period
1.1.2.2. Foreign Accounts
1.1.2.3. Inscriptions
1.1.2.3.1.
Inscriptions in different forms
1.1.2.3.2.
Inscriptions in Sanskrit language
1.1.2.3.3.
The inscriptions of the Bhaumakaras
1.1.2.3.4.
The inscriptions of the Somavamsi rulers
1.1.2.3.5.
Other important inscriptions
1.1.2.4. Coins
1.1.2.4.1.
The punch-marked coins
1.1.2.4. 2.
The Puri-Kushana coins
1.1.2.4.3.
The Gupta coins
1.1.2.4.4.
The Nala coins of the western region of Odisha
1.1.2.4. 5.
Other important coins of Odisha
1.1.2.5. Material Remains
1.1.2.5.1.
Knowledge of pre-history from material remains
1.1.2.5.2.
Sources of information through excavations by ASI and others
1.1.2.5.3.
Excavations of Ratnagiri, Udayagiri and Lalitgiri
1.1.2.5.4.
Material remains of Western Odisha
1.1.2.5.5.
Material remains of southern and the south-western parts of Odisha
1.1.2.6. Madalapanji
1.1.2.6. 1.
Role of Madalapanji in the history of Odisha
1.1.3.
Conclusion
1.1.4.
Summary
1.1.5.
Exercise
1.1.6.
Further Reading
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1.1.0.Objectives
This chapter will discuss the sources of ancient history of Odisha. After studying this lesson the
students will be able to:
•
know the different sources of ancient history of Odisha
•
understand the literary sources for the reconstruction of history
•
know about the foreign accounts as a source of history
•
identify the inscriptions as sources of ancient history of Odisha
•
evaluate the value of coins for making history
•
list the contributions of material remains for the reconstruction of history of Odisha
•
recognise the place of Madala Panji in the history of Odisha
1.1.1. Introduction
History writing is not possible without sources because as it plays an important role.
History without sources is not history rather it may be considered as a part of literature or
anything else. The historical sources provide us the scientific and rational base for writing
history.
There are many gaps between different periods of ancient Odishan history. with the
availability of new source materials, old ideas have been changed and history has been
reconstructed with the new facts. Similarly, many missing links have been established in
Odishan history due to the discovery of new source materials. Therefore, sources represent the
heart and soul of all kinds of history of any state.
1.1.2.
Sources of ancient history of Odisha
The history of Odisha is based on various available sources. There are several sources
like Literary Sources, Foreign Accounts, Inscriptions, Coins, Material Remains, Madala Panji etc, which
helps us in writing the history of Odisha, which can be discussed as follows:
1.1.2.1. Literary sources
The literary sources provide a lot of information for the reconstruction of the history of a
nation as literature is considered as the mirror of the society. Numerous literature speaks about
the glory of the Odisha in different ways in different periods.
1.1.2.1.1. The epics
The Mahabharata makes the earliest reference to Kalinga and Odra. The Mahabharata
mentions about this land and its sacred river Vaitarani and Goddess Viraja. In this epic the sage
Lomasa advised the Pandavas to visit to river Vaitarani to take a holy deep in the river and to
wash away all their sins. On the other hand, the Ramayana refers to Kalinganagara situated to the
west of river Gomati and refers to the Gandhamardana and Utkala associating it with Mekala and
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Dasarna countries. Further, different Puranas like Vayu Purana, Mastya Purana, Bhagavata,
Harivamsa Purana and Vishnu Purana etc. throw light on Kalinaga and Utkala and legendary
kings. The Kapila Samhita and Prachi Mahatmya are also considered as the sources of Odishan
history.
1.1.2.1.2. The Jaina sources
The Jaina literature contains descriptions of Kalinga and Utkala. In ancient time the
people of Odisha were largely the followers of Jainism and Buddhism. So, the Jaina and
Buddhist literature narrates about the people of ancient Odisha and its culture. The
Avasyaka
Niryukti
reveals that Aranatha, the eighteenth Jaina Tirthankara had achieved his first goal in the
city of Rayapura which was said to be a capital city of Kalinga. Further, it states that how
Mahavira, while travelling in Tosali was tortured by the local people who took him to be a thief
and he was rescued by the timely interference of the Tosali-Kshatriyas. It also refers to the city
of Dantapura. The Jaina
Harivamsa
gives a genealogy of the Chedis describing Abhichandra as
the founder of that dynasty in Kosala region.
1.1.2.1.3. The Buddhist sources
The Buddhist literature also contains descriptions of Kalinga and Utkala. The Buddhist
literature also reflects the history of ancient Odisha. The Mahagovinda Suttanta of
Digha Nikaya,
mentions 'Kalinga-rattha'
(Kalinga Rashtra)
along with its capital Dantapura. The 'Upalisutta' of
Majjhima Nikaya
describes how king Nalikira of Kalinga breathed his last as a consequence of
his ill treatment towards some innocent ascetics. Kalinga and Utkala find mention in
Kurudharma Jataka, vessantara Jataka, Kumbhakara Jataka, Kalinga Bodhi Jataka
etc.
Mahaparinirvana Sutta, Dathavemsa, Dighanikaya
and
Mahavastu
also throw light on Utkala
and Kallhga. Jatakas like Kurudharma, Kalinga Bodhi, Sarabhanga, etc. furnish information
about Odisha. Majjim Nikaya and Mahabhagga describe the meeting of the two merchants,
Tapassu and Bhallika of Utkala with Lord Buddha. A Buddhist work named Gandavyuha
describes that Tosala was a prosperous kingdom in Kalinga in 3
rd
century A.D. The Dipavamsa
and Mahavamsa, the two
Buddhist works mentions about the friendly relationship between
Kalinga and the Ceylon. The Chulavamsa also depicts about the frequent visit of the king of
Kalinga to Ceylon.

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