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Language Learning 59:Suppl. 1, December 2009 Language Learning Research Club, University of Michigan
Editorial and Dedications
‘The Five Graces Group' (Clay
Beckner, Richard Blythe, Joan
Bybee, Morten H. Christiansen,
William Croft, Nick C. Ellis,
John Holland, Jinyun Ke, Diane
Larsen-Freeman, & Tom
Schoenemann
Clay Beckner & Joan Bybee
Richard A. Blythe & William A.
Croft
Jeremy K. Boyd, Erin A.
Gottschalk, & Adele E. Goldberg
Nick C. Ellis & Diane Larsen-
Freeman
Morten H. Christiansen, &
Maryellen C. MacDonald
P. Thomas Schoenemann
Hannah Cornish, Monica
Tamariz, & Simon Kirby
Christian M.I.M. Matthiessen
Zoltán Dörnyei
Robert J. Mislevy & Chengbin
Yin
Subject index
Nick C. Ellis & Diane Larsen-Freeman
Language is a complex adaptive system: Position paper.
v
1-26
A usage-based account of constituency and reanalysis
The speech community in evolutionary language dynamics
Linking rule acquisition in novel phrasal constructions
Constructing a second language: Analyses and
computational simulations of the emergence of linguistic
constructions from usage
A usage-based approach to recursion in sentence
processing
Evolution of brain and language
Complex adaptive systems and the origins of adaptive
structure: what experiments can tell us
Meaning in the making: meaning potential emerging from
acts of meaning
Individual differences: Interplay of learner characteristics
and learning environment
If language is a complex adaptive system, what is
language assessment?
27-46
47-63
64-89
90-125
126-161
162-186
187-205
206-229
231-248
249-267
268-275


Language Learning
ISSN 0023-8333
Editorial and Dedications
Our 60th Anniversary
Language Learning
was first published from the University of Michigan in
1948. Its subtitle then was “A Quarterly Journal of Applied Linguistics”; indeed
the beginnings of “Applied Linguistics” have been attributed to this usage. In
the 60 years since, our subtitle has evolved to become “A Journal of Research
in Language Studies,” reflecting our mission:
Language Learning
is a scientific journal dedicated to the understanding
of language learning broadly defined. It publishes research articles that
systematically apply methods of inquiry from disciplines including
psychology, linguistics, cognitive science, educational inquiry,
neuroscience, ethnography, sociolinguistics, sociology, and semiotics. It is
concerned with fundamental theoretical issues in language learning such
as child, second, and foreign language acquisition, language education,
bilingualism, literacy, language representation in mind and brain, culture,
cognition, pragmatics, and intergroup relations.
This supplement celebrates our 60th anniversary, our remarkable success
toward these ends, and our realization that an understanding of language learn-
ing can only come from such integrated interdisciplinary inquiry.
The value of a journal lies in the quality of the articles it publishes. First and
foremost, this comes from our submitting authors and from the scholars who
voluntarily give many hours of their time and their expertise reviewing these
submissions, thus to shape our discipline. There is a considerable investment
from our Editors, our Board, and our Publishers too. Finally, there are you,
our readers, who appreciate this work, cite it, and build upon it. Our first
dedication, then, is to all who have made this journal what it is over the last
60 years.
Language as a Complex Adaptive System
To celebrate our anniversary, members of the Board, past Editors, our asso-
ciates at Wiley-Blackwell, and friends and confederates in this enterprise, held
a conference at the University of Michigan from November 7 to 9, 2008. The
Language Learning 59:Suppl. 1, December 2009, pp. v–vii
C
2009 Language Learning Research Club, University of Michigan
v
Ellis and Larsen-Freeman
Editorial and Dedications
subject of the event was “Language as a Complex Adaptive System.” Leading
researchers in linguistics, psychology, anthropology, and complex systems dis-
cussed the path-breaking significance of this perspective for their understanding
of language learning.
This theme built upon foundations laid by colleagues at a meeting at the
Santa Fe Institute in March 2007. As a result of that workshop, the “Five
Graces Group” (named after their rather special accommodations there) au-
thored a position paper,
Language as a Complex Adaptive System,
which was
circulated to 10 invited speakers who were asked to focus upon the issues
presented here when considering their particular areas of language in the 60th
anniversary conference and in their papers in this special issue of
Language
Learning.
The authors of these 10 papers are active in their recognition of complexity
in their respective areas, ranging from language usage, structure, and change,
to sociolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, anthropology, language evolution, first
language acquisition, second language acquisition, psycholinguistics and lan-
guage processing, language education, individual differences, and language
testing. After their presentations at the conference, the discussion of these
papers was led by members of the Board of
Language Learning
in order to
contextualize these influences within Applied Linguistics and the Language
Sciences more generally.
The conference was recorded. The podcast records of the main presen-
tations from the conference are free to download at http://www.wiley.com/
bw/podcast/lang.asp. We thank our publishers Wiley-Blackwell, for sponsor-
ing this.
After the conference, the speakers submitted written versions of their pa-
pers, revised in the light of the discussions there. All of these underwent the
standard review process. The results are gathered here as a special issue of
Language Learning
(Vol. 59, Supplement 1, December 2009), beginning with
the Five Graces position paper.
The study of Complex Adaptive Systems, Emergentism, and Dynamic Sys-
tem Theory is a relatively recent phenomenon, yet it is revolutionizing our
understanding of the natural, physical, and social worlds. Our beginnings here
in considering
Language as a Complex Adaptive System
rest on the founda-
tional research in this area, much of it from the Santa Fe Institute (SFI). One of
the founding fathers at SFI was John Holland. His work on CAS and genetic
algorithms, including his two key books
Hidden Order: How Adaptation Builds
Complexity
(1995) and
Emergence: From Chaos to Order
(1998), pioneered
the study of complex systems and nonlinear science. We are lucky to have him
Language Learning 59:Suppl. 1, December 2009, pp. v–vii
vi
Ellis and Larsen-Freeman
Editorial and Dedications
at the University of Michigan and as a member of the Five Graces group. John
is 80 years old this year. Our second dedication, therefore, is to him.
Nick C. Ellis, General Editor,
Language Learning
Diane Larsen-Freeman, Member, Board of Directors
Editors of this 60th Anniversary Issue
University of Michigan July 9, 2009
vii
Language Learning 59:Suppl. 1, December 2009, pp. v–vii

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