Techniki rysowania.pdf

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C3BF5B70-8CC4-4870-976C-617F626F3B6F
C3BF5B70-8CC4-4870-976C-617F626F3B6F
Arcturus Publishing Ltd
26/27 Bickels Yard
151–153 Bermondsey Street
London SE1 3HA
Published in association with
foulsham
W. Foulsham & Co. Ltd,
The Publishing House, Bennetts Close, Cippenham,
Slough, Berkshire SL1 5AP, England
ISBN 0-572-02916-0
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data:
a catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Copyright © 2003 Arcturus Publishing
All rights reserved
The Copyright Act prohibits (subject to certain very limited exceptions)
the making of copies of any copyright work or of a substantial part of
such a work, including the making of copies by photocopying or similar
process. Written permission to make a copy or copies must therefore
normally be obtained from the publisher in advance. It is advisable also
to consult the publisher if in any doubt as to the legality of any copying
which is to be undertaken.
Jacket design by Alex Ingr
Printed in India
C3BF5B70-8CC4-4870-976C-617F626F3B6F
Contents
INTRODUCTION
Part One
THE PENCIL
6
200 Years Of
Know-How
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Examples of Marks
3. Ways of Holding the Pencil
5. Pencil Projects
9
10
22
30
N
Part Two
CHARCOAL
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Examples of Marks
3. Ways of Holding the Charcoal
4. Other Forms of Charcoal
5. Charcoal Projects
6. Compressed Charcoal Projects
7. Willow Charcoal Projects
80
84
98
100
104
120
140
Part Three
PENS, INKS, BRUSHES and PAPER
1. Introduction
2. Materials
3. Examples of Marks and Projects
155
156
165
CONCLUSION
207
icolas-Jacques Conté was born at Sées
(Normandy) in 1755. He rapidly became
enthusiastic about painting and at 20 years of
age went to study in Paris, where he would
paint portraits of the French royal family
among other works. He was very close to the
major scientists of his day and met the
Montgolfier brothers, inventors of the hot-
air balloon in 1783, when he carried out
experiments on the hot-air balloons, since he
was still divided between painting and the
sciences.
The French Revolution forced him to
change his profession in 1789. He thus
became a talented inventor in many fields.
He conducted varied research activities,
some of which concerned crayons and black
lead. Indeed, genuine crayons became
scarce. Being a painter lacking the vital pro-
fessional tools, Conté found this situation
unacceptable.
In 1794, Conté invented the lead pencil,
also known as the graphite pencil. The Conté
company profited from this invention and
was able to develop an exceptional industrial
know-how in the field of drawing, writing
and pastel.
In January 1795 he submitted the patent
no.32 and set up a pencil factory. A self edu-
cated painter, chemist, physician, hot-air
balloon pilot and inventor, Nicolas-Jacques
Conté passed away in Paris in 1805.
Today, the pioneering spirit of Nicolas-
Jacques remains within the Conté À Paris
company. Their products for sketching and
drawing are renowned for quality by artists
around the world.
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Introduction
Drawing, just like writing or speech, is a form
of communication, and in the same way as
these other forms of communication drawing
can be multi-faceted, and very diverse as a
means of expression of our observations,
thoughts and feelings. Across the broad field
of art and design, artists and designers will
use drawing as a specific tool for visual
communication, and at the same time use a
wide spectrum of drawing techniques to
express, develop, and present their ideas and
work to the viewer for what ever reason.
Therefore, it is impossible to make a
drawing unless the artist has a clear
understanding of the type of drawing that is
to be created, and the visual language that is
to be used which will give form and
expressive dynamics to the drawing. This is
often forgotten or misunderstood by most
teachers of drawing.
FIRST ENCOUNTERS WITH DRAWING
known as a metaphor. Instead of chasing the
idea of truth, what we should be doing is
embracing the medium of drawing and using
it for a purpose that fulfils our needs as an
artist or designer. Let me now explain how we
can break down our understanding and use
drawing to facilitate our needs. As I have said
before there are many reasons for us to want
to draw, and there are many techniques and
attitudes for us to adopt that will serve our
purpose with the medium of our choice.
What follows is a list of the reasons for us as
students or beginners to make drawings.
When using this book you should first
identify the reason why you wish or need to
do the type of drawing you are going to do,
and then turn to the appropriate chapter in
the book. That will give you the technique for
the medium, and the knowledge you need to
make the drawing.
REASONS FOR DRAWING
1/ First Thoughts
Usually our first encounter with drawing is to
try to copy something from observation; this
could take the form of a portrait, still life, or a
landscape. When we’re children we draw our
observations from memory, and when we
become more life experienced, we tend to
draw direct from observation. This is
normally when we encounter our first
problems with the art of drawing, as we have
fixed in our minds that to be successful with
this skill our rendition of what we see must be
nothing less than perfect. Usually these
students of drawing that have this particular
approach, those who seem to be chasing a
visual truth through drawing, end up
frustrated and feel a sense of failure. We
cannot reproduce reality, we can only make a
mark or a statement that acts for that reality,
or a mark or a statement that best suits our
purpose to describe that reality, and this is
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One of the many approaches to drawing is to
use it as a tool to record our first thoughts.
These usually take the form of sketches and
drawings that have immediacy to them. They
are usually spontaneous and inspirational as
one is drawing one’s thinking process as it
happens. This process can initiate new ideas.
This procedure is usually done in sketch-
books or on scrap pieces of paper, and they
are usually presented as sheets of ideas.
These types of drawings are then kept and
developed into something more substantial
as a statement in the future when our
thoughts on the subject are collected and
developed into a finished idea. Many artists
from different disciplines have used this
process of working and thinking through
drawing as a way of developing their initial
ideas. They range from Michelangelo,
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