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AUGUST
1977
o
o
VOLUME
2,
Number
8
the
small
systems
journal
SWTPC
announces
first
dual
minifloppy
kit
under
$1,000
Now
SWTPC offers complete
best
-buy computer
system with $995
dual minifloppy,
$500 video
terminal/
monitor,
$395
4K computer.
sin
6e0o
.°.%'"
CO
IJrlfütlá
OIBKF9VETEM
$995
MF
-68 Dual
Minifloppy
You
need
dual drives
to
get
full
benefits
from
a
minifloppy.
So
we
waited
to
offer
a
floppy
until
we
could give
you
a
dependa-
ble dual system
at
the right
price.
The
MF
-68
is a
complete top -quality
minifloppy
for your
SWTPC
Computer. The
kit
has
controller, chassis, cover, power
supply,
cables, assembly instructions,
two
highly reliable Shugart drives, and
a
diskette
with the Floppy Disk
Operating
System (FDOS) and
disk
BASIC.
(A
floppy
is
no
better than
its
operating
system, and
the
MF
-68 has one
of
the best
available.)
An
optional $850
MF -6X
kit
expands
the
system
to
four drives.
Enclosed
Is:
990 for the
full
system shown
above
(MF
-68 Minifloppy,
CT-64 Terminal with
CT -VM
Monitor).
$995 for the Dual
Minifloppy
$325 for the
CT
-64 Terminal
$175 for the CT-VM Monitor
$395 for the 4K 6800
Computer
$1
$500
Terminal
/Monitor
The
CT-64
terminal
kit
offers these
premium features:
64-
character
lines,
upper
/lower
case
letters,
switchable con-
trol
character
printing, word
highlighting,
full
cursor control,
110
-1200
Baud serial
interface, and many others.
Separately
the
CT-64
is
$325, the
12
MHz
CT-VM
monitor
$175.
$250
for
the
PR
-40 Line Printer
$79.50 for
AC
-30 Cassette Interface
Additional
4K
memory boards
at
$100
Additional
8K
memory boards
at
$250
Exp. Date
Or
BAC
#
Or
MC
$395 4K 6800
Computer
The SWTPC
6800 comes
complete
with
4K memory, serial
interface, power
supply,
chassis, famous Motorola MIKBUG'"'
mini
-operating
system
in
read -only
memory (ROM), and the most
complete
documentation
with any
computer
kit.
Our
growing software library includes
4K
and
8K BASIC
(cassettes $4.95 and
$9.95;
paper
tape $10.00 and $20.00).
Extra
memory,
$100/4K
or
$250/8K.
Other
SWTPC
peripherals
include
$250
PR
-40
Alphanumeric
Line Printer
(40
characters /line,
5 x
7
dot
matrix,
75
line
/minute
speed,
compatible
with
our 6800
computer
and
MITS
/IMSAI);
$79.50
AC
-30 Cassette
Interface
System
(writes
/reads
Kansas City
standard
tapes,
controls
two
recorders, usable
with other
computers);
and other
peripherals
now
and
to
come.
MTN
#
Southwest
Technical
Products Corp.
.
Exp. Date
219
W.
Rhapsody.
San
Antonio,
Texas 78216
Name
City
Address
State
Zip
London:
Southwest Technical
Products
Co
Ltd.
Tokyo:
Southwest Technical Products Corp.
/Japan
TV
DAZZLER
To
make
1
0
your
computer
more
useful-
a
wide
choice
of
memory,
I/O,
CPU
grammer.
Uses
high -speed
2708 eras-
able
PROMs. A
must
for
all
com-
puters.
Will
load
8K BASIC
into
RAM
in
less
than
a
second. Kit
(Model
BSK
-0):
$145.
Assembled
(Model
BSW
-0):
$245.
16K
CAPACITY PROM CARD.
Ca-
pacity
for
up
to
16K
of high -speed
2708
erasable PROM. Kit
(Model
16KPR
-K): $145.
Assembled
(Model
16KPR
-W):
$245.
C
1
Your
computer's
usefulness
de-
pends
on
the
capability
of
its
CPU,
memories,
and
I/O
interfaces, right?
So
here's
a
broad line of
truly
useful
computer
products
that
lets
you
do
interesting things
with your
Cromemco
Z
-1
and
Z
-2
computers.
And
with your
S-
100
-compatible Al-
tairs and IMSAIs,
too.
(Model
TRT
-K):
$195.
Assembled
(Model
TRT
-W):
$295.
that
lets
you
input
physical
position
data
with
above
Model
D
+
7
A/D
card.
For
games, process
control,
etc.
Con-
tains speaker
for
sound effects. Kit
(Model
JS
-1
-K):
$65.
Assembled
(Model
JS
-1
-W):
$95.
JOYSTICK.
A
console
CPU
Z
-80 MICROPROCESSOR
CARD.
The most advanced
µP
card
avail-
able.
Forms
the
heart of
our
Z
-1
and
Z
-2
systems.
Also
a
direct
re-
placement
for Altair
/
IMSAI
CPUs.
Has
4
-MHz clock
rate and
the power
of the
Z
-80
µP
chip.
Kit
(Model
ZPU-
K):
$295.
Assembled (Model
ZPU-
W):
$395.
I/O
I
INTERFACES
DIGITAL
-
ANALOG
/O.
Extremely useful
board
with
7
A/D
channels and
7
D/A
channels. Also one
8
-bit
par-
allel
I/O
channel.
Kit
(Model
D
+
FAST
7-
CHANNEL
7A -K):
+
7A
-W):
$245.
TV DAZZLER.
Color
graphics in-
terface.
Lets
you
use
color
TV
as
full
-
color
graphics
terminal.
Kit
(Model
CGI
-K): $215.
Assembled
(Model
CGI
-W):
$350.
DIGITAL
INTERFACE
(OUR NEW
TU -ART).
Interfaces
with teletype,
CRT
terminals, line printers,
etc.
Has
not
one
but
two
serial
I/O
ports
and
$145.
Assembled
(Model
D
MEMORIES
16K
RAM. The fastest
available.
Also
has
bank -select
feature.
Kit
(Model
16KZ -K): $495.
Assembled
(Model
16KZ
-W):
$795.
4K RAM. Bank
-select allows
ex-
pansion to
8
banks
of
64K
bytes
each. Kit
(Model
4KZ-K): $195. As-
sembled
(Model
4KZ
-W):
$295.
an 8K
capa-
THE
BYTESAVER
city
PROM card
with integral pro-
PROFESSIONAL
QUALITY
You get
first
-class
quality with
Cromemco.
Here
are actual
quotes
from
ar-
ticles
by
independent
experts:
"The
Cromemco
boards
are
absolutely
beautiful"
.
"The
BYTESAVER
is
tremendous"
"Construction
of
Cromemco
I/O
and
joystick
are
out-
standing"
"Cromemco periph-
erals
ran
with
no
trouble
whatso-
ever."
Everyone
agrees.
Cromemco
is
tops.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
two
as
parallel
I/O
ports
as
well
10
on
-board interval timers.
Kit
8
-bit
STORES
/MAIL
So
count
on
Cromemco.
Look
into
these
Cromemco products
at
your
store.
Or order
by
mail
from
the
factory.
We
wish you pleasure
and suc-
cess
with
your computer.
Cromemco
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
e
d
Specialists
in
computers
and
peripherals
2432
CHARLESTON
RD.,
MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94043
Circle
102
on
inquiry card.
(415)
964 -7400
Meet
the
most powerful
µC
system available
for
dedicated
work.
Yet
it's
only
$595:
Here's the muscle
you've
been
telling
us
you
wanted:
a
powerful
Cromemco microcomputer
in
a
style and
price
range ideal
for
your dedicated computer jobs
-ideal
for
industrial,
business,
instrumentation
and
similar applica-
tions.
It's the new Cromemco
Z -2
Computer
System.
Here's
some
of what
you
get
in
the
Z
-2
for only
$595:
The
industry's
fastest
µP
board
(Cromemco's
highly
regarded
4
MHz,
250
-nanosecond cycle
time
board).
The
power
and
convenience of the
well -known
Z
-80
µP.
A
power supply
you
widely
regarded
as
the
standard
of the future.
in
the
technical fore
with
the
Z
-2.
So
you're
BROAD
SOFTWARE /PERIPHERALS SUPPORT
Since
the
Z-2 uses
the
Z
-80,
your
present
8080
soft-
ware
can be used
with
the
Z -2.
Also,
Cromemco
offers
won't
believe
+18V
and
-18V
@
15A
ample
power for addi-
tional peripherals
such
as
floppy
disk drives).
A
full -length
shielded motherboard
with
21
card slots.
Power -on
-jump circuitry
to begin
automatic
program
execution when power
is
turned
on.
-100
bus.
Standard rack
-mount
style
construction.
All -metal
chassis and
dust
case.
110-
or
220
-volt
operation.
S
-
(
+8V
@
30A,
broad software
support including
a
monitor,
assembler,
and
a
BASIC
interpreter.
The Z
-2 uses
the
S
-100
bus
which
is
supported
by
the
peripherals of
dozens
of manufacturers. Naturally,
all
Cromemco peripherals
such
as
our
7-
channel
A/D
and
D/A
converter, our well -known
BYTESAVER
with
its
built
-in
PROM
programmer, our color
graphics interface,
etc.,
will
also
plug into
the
S
-100 bus.
LOW, LOW
PRICE
You'll
be
impressed
with
the
Z
-2's
low
price,
technical
excellence
and
quality.
So
see
it
right
away at
your
computer
store
-or
order directly
from the factory.
Z -2
COMPUTER
SYSTEM
KIT
(MODEL
Z
-2K)
(includes
4
MHz
µP
card,
full
-length
21- card
-slot
motherboard,
power supply,
one card socket and
card
-guide
set,
and
front
panel;
for
rack
mounting)
$595.
Z -2
COMPUTER
SYSTEM
ASSEMBLED
(MODEL
Z
-2W)
DEDICATED APPLICATIONS
The
new
Z
-2
is
specifically
designed
as
a
powerful but
economical dedicated computer for
systems
work. Notice
that
the
front
panel
is
entirely
free of
controls
or switches
of
any
kind.
That makes
the
Z -2
vir-
tually tamper -proof.
No
accidental
program
changes
or surprise mem-
ory
erasures.
FASTEST,
MOST
(includes the
above
as
well
as
all
21
sockets and card
$995.
guides
and
a
cooling
fan;
for
rack
mounting)
POWERFUL
µC
Cromemco's microcom-
puters
are
the
fastest and
most
powerful
available.
They
use
the
Z -80
mi-
croprocessor
which
is
Z-2
Cluipiaciflíprc'nL
,
49)
C
Cromem
ooc
Cromemco
ESTE
In
the
Queue
Foreground
18
Volume
2
Number
8
AUGUST
1977
36
44
50
70
158
CONTROLLING SMALL
DC
MOTORS WITH
ANALOG SIGNALS
Display Hardware
-Sweer- Dwyer -Critchfield
UNDERSTANDING
APL
Programming
Techniques-
Iverson
HERE'S APL
IN
ACTION!
Software
-Keefe
AN APL INTERPRETER
FOR
MICROCOMPUTERS,
Part
Interpreter
Design
-Wimble
SERENDIPITOUS CIRCLES
Software
-Galway-
Anderson
A
TRAPPING
TECHNIQUE
FOR
THE 8080
Software
-Schulein
1
PUBLISHERS
Virginia
Peschke
Manfred
Pcschke
EDITOR
IN
CHIEF
Carl
T
Hclmcrs
Jr
PRODUCTION
MANAGER
Judith
Havcy
CIRCULATION MANAGER
Gregory Spitzfaden
Background
26
A MICROPROCESSOR COURSE
Education
-Fohl
30
81
COSMAC
VIP, THE RCA FUN
MACHINE
ASSISTANT PUBLISHER
Debra
Boudrieau
EDITOR
Christopher
P
Morgan
CO
-OP
EDITOR
Raymond Cote
PRODUCTION EDITORS
Karen
Gregory
Nancy Salmon
ADVERTISING
Elizabeth Alpaugh
Debra
Boudrieau
Virginia
Peschke
EDITORIAL ASSISTANT
Ingrid Nyland
PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
Cheryl Hurd
ADVERTISING ASSISTANT
Noreen Bardslcy
108
114
Product Description -Weisbecker
EDITORIALIZING
WITH YOUR COMPUTER
Software
-McGath
WHY
PEOPLE
GET
HOOKED
ON
APL
Software- Atwood
AN
8
DIGIT
HEXADECIMAL
READOUT
Hardware
-Burns
LOOK WHAT YOU CAN
DO
...
WITH AN
EDGE AS A CUE
Hardware
-Tenny
PROCESSING
LOGICAL
EXPRESSIONS
Algorithms-
Maurer
SIMPLE
ALGORITHMS
FOR
CALCULATING ELEMENTARY
FUNCTIONS
Algorithms-
Rheinstein
SUBSCRIPTIONS
Kimberly Barbour
DEALER
SALES
Ginnie
F
Boudrieau
CLUBS, PAPERBYTES
Peter
Travisano
TRAFFIC MANAGER
Edmond
C
Kelly Ir
ART
Mary lane
Frohlich
Wai
Chiu Li
Ellen Shamonsky
SPECIAL PRODUCTS
Medellin
Stephens
Floyd
W
Rehling
David Wozmak
120
130
142
EXECUTIVE SECRETARY
Patricia Clark
RECEPTIONIST
Nucleus
4
5
9
Jacqueline Larnshaw
DRAFTING
Lynn
Malo
Bill Morello
Stephen Kruse
In
This BYTE
17
86
102
129, 156
138
147
152
170
176
176
Comments
on
the
Acquisition
of Knowledge
Letters
Technical
Forum: An APL
Update
The New
Heathkit Computer
Line
Book
Reviews
BYTE's
Bits
What's New?
Clubs, Newsletters
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(S
-100)
Bus
Interface
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Reader Service
Cover:
NEWTON UNDER THE APL TREE by Robert Tinney
TYPOGRAPHY
Custom
Marketing
Resources Inc
Goodway Graphics
PHOTOGRAPHY
Ed
Crabtree
EDITORIAL CONSULTANT
Daniel
Fylstra
ASSOCIATES
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Banks
Steve Ciancia
I
ylstra
Portia
Isaacson
FOREIGN
DISTRIBUTOR
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Atlantic Computer
Systems
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Str 78
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Germany
(0
61
51)
29 29 23
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1
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