Groundwater Vulnerability, Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster [2014].pdf

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Special Publications 69

Groundwater

Vulnerability

Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster

Edited By

Boris Faybishenko

Thomas Nicholson

Vyacheslav Shestopalov

Alexander Bohuslavsky

Volodymir Bublias

This work is a co-publication between

the American Geophysical Union and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This work is a co-publication between the American Geophysical Union and

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Published under the aegis of the AGU Publications Committee

Brooks Hanson, Director of Publications

Robert van der Hilst, Chair, Publications Committee

Richard Blakely, Vice Chair, Publications Committee

For details about the American Geophysical Union, see www.agu.org.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

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but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

Disclaimer

Thomas Nicholson, Senior Technical Advisor on Radionuclide Transport in the Environment with

the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, contributed to this book in his personal capacity. The

views expressed are his own and do not necessarily represent the views of the U. S. Nuclear

Regulatory Commission or the United States Government.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data is available.

ISBN: 978-1-118-96219-0

Cover image:

Land surface in the Chernigov region in Ukraine showing depressions in surface

topography, which cause formation of preferential flow and migration zones (PFMZ), thus increasing

groundwater vulnerability to contaminants, Google Earth. Schematic illustrating the groundwater

recharge and contaminant transport from the surface toward groundwater through the PFMZs, Authors

Printed in the United States of America.

8 7

CONTENTS

Abstract �½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½ v

Introduction: Importance of Lessons Learned from Assessment

of Groundwater Vulnerability at Chernobyl �½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½ vii

1�½ Methods of Groundwater Vulnerability

and Protectability Assessment �½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½ 1

1.1. Method of hydrogeological zoning ..................................................... 2

1.2. Index Methods .................................................................................... 3

1.3. Parametric Methods ............................................................................. 9

1.4. Modeling Methods ............................................................................ 19

2�½ Chernobyl-Born Radionuclides in Geological Environment �½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½25

3�½ Preferential Flow and Migration Zones in Geological Environment �½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½39

3.1. State of Problem Study....................................................................... 39

3.2. PFMz classification and occurrence................................................. 41

3.3. Methodological approaches of PFMz Study ...................................... 47

3.4. Indicators of PFMz activity in depressions ........................................ 53

3.5. Preliminary evaluations of PFMz Influence on upper groundwater .. 57

3.6. Practical Importance of PFMz ........................................................... 60

4�½ Methodology of Groundwater Vulnerability

4.1. general consideration....................................................................... 65

4.2. Vulnerability and Protectability assessment for

upper groundwater (unconfined aquifer)......................................... 70

4.3. Vulnerability and Protectability assessment for

confined aquifers.............................................................................. 73

5�½ Groundwater Vulnerability and Protectability to Chernobyl-Born

Radionuclide �½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½81

5.1. upper groundwater .......................................................................... 81

5.2. confined aquifers.............................................................................. 93

6�½ Summary �½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½ 101

References �½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½ 105

Index �½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½�½ 115

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