Bradshaw. Fuyug Grammar Sketch.pdf

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Data Papers on
Papua New Guinea Languages
Volume 53
Fuyug Grammar Sketch
Robert L. Bradshaw
2007
SIL-PNG Academic Publications
Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea
Papers in the series Data Papers on Papua New Guinea Languages express the authors’
knowledge at the time of writing. They normally do not provide a comprehensive
treatment of the topic and may contain analyses which will be modified at a later stage.
However, given the large number of undescribed languages in Papua New Guinea, SIL-
PNG feels that it is appropriate to make these research results available at this time.
René van den Berg,
Series Editor
Copyright © 2007
SIL-PNG
Papua New Guinea
lr-acpub@sil.org.pg
Published 2007
Printed by SIL Printing Press
Ukarumpa, Eastern Highlands Province
Papua New Guinea
ISBN 9980-0-3353-3
Table of Contents
List of maps and tables......................................................................viii
Abbreviations ....................................................................................... ix
Preface .................................................................................................. xi
1. Introduction....................................................................................... 1
1.1 Location and speakers........................................................... 1
1.1.1 Maps ......................................................................... 3
1.2 Affiliation and earlier studies................................................ 5
1.3 Language viability ................................................................ 7
1.4 Fuyug culture ........................................................................ 7
1.4.1 Transportation........................................................... 7
1.4.2 Religion .................................................................... 8
1.4.3 Health services.......................................................... 9
1.4.4 Wealth and income ................................................. 10
1.4.5 Education ................................................................ 11
1.5 Main typological features.................................................... 11
Acknowledgments......................................................................... 13
2. Phonology and morphophonemics ................................................ 14
2.1 Phonemes ............................................................................ 14
2.2 Allophonic rules.................................................................. 15
2.2.1 Plosive aspiration.................................................... 15
2.2.2 Nasal assimilation................................................... 16
2.2.3 Lateral approximant/flap fluctuation ...................... 17
2.2.4 Diphthongisation..................................................... 17
2.2.5 Vowel nasalisation.................................................. 18
2.3 Minimal pairs ...................................................................... 18
2.4 Syllable patterns.................................................................. 21
2.4.1 One syllable ............................................................ 22
2.4.2 Two syllables .......................................................... 22
2.4.3 Three syllables ........................................................ 23
2.4.4 Four syllables.......................................................... 23
iii
iv
2.4.5 Five syllables .......................................................... 24
2.5 Stress ................................................................................... 24
2.6 Morphophonemics .............................................................. 24
2.6.1 Nasal assimilation................................................... 25
2.6.2 Consonant cluster simplification ............................ 25
2.6.3 Consonant devoicing .............................................. 25
2.6.4 Vowel epenthesis .................................................... 25
2.6.5 Vowel cluster reduction.......................................... 26
2.7 Intonation ............................................................................ 27
2.7.1 Statement ................................................................ 27
2.7.2 Incomplete sentence................................................ 28
2.7.3 Interrogation ........................................................... 29
2.7.4 Emotion .................................................................. 29
2.7.5 Listing..................................................................... 30
2.7.6 Calling .................................................................... 31
3. Morpheme ....................................................................................... 32
3.1 Reduplication ...................................................................... 32
3.2 Compounding...................................................................... 34
3.3 The verbaliser...................................................................... 36
4. Word ................................................................................................ 38
4.1 Nouns .................................................................................. 38
4.2 Pronouns ............................................................................. 38
4.2.1 Personal pronouns................................................... 39
4.2.1.1 Genitive clitic ............................................. 39
4.2.1.2 Emphatic clitic............................................ 40
4.2.1.3 Comitative clitic ......................................... 40
4.2.1.4 Contrastive focus clitic............................... 41
4.2.2 Demonstrative pronouns......................................... 41
4.2.3 Reflexive pronouns................................................. 42
4.2.4 Reciprocal pronouns ............................................... 43
4.2.5 Interrogative pronouns............................................ 44
4.3 Modifiers............................................................................. 44
4.3.1 Adjectives ............................................................... 44
4.3.2 Quantifiers .............................................................. 44
4.3.3 Qualifiers ................................................................ 48
4.3.4 Adverbs................................................................... 51
4.3.4.1 Manner ....................................................... 51
4.3.4.2 Degree ........................................................ 53
v
Locatives ............................................................................. 54
4.4.1 Generic locatives .................................................... 54
4.4.2 Specific locatives .................................................... 55
4.5 Temporals ........................................................................... 55
4.5.1 Time periods ........................................................... 55
4.5.2 Relational temporals ............................................... 56
4.6 Postclitics and postpositions ............................................... 57
4.6.1 Postclitics................................................................ 57
4.6.1.1 Plural clitic ................................................. 58
4.6.1.2 Contrastive focus clitic............................... 59
4.6.1.3 Vocative clitic............................................. 59
4.6.1.4 Inessive clitic.............................................. 59
4.6.1.5 Outside clitic .............................................. 60
4.6.1.6 Illative clitic................................................ 60
4.6.1.7 Allative/locative clitic ................................ 60
4.6.2 Postpositions........................................................... 61
4.7 Verbs ................................................................................... 62
4.7.1. Mode....................................................................... 63
4.7.2 Aspect ..................................................................... 66
4.7.3 Modality.................................................................. 68
4.7.4 Sentential clitics...................................................... 71
4.7.5 Other affixes ........................................................... 75
4.7.6 Medial affixation .................................................... 76
4.7.7 Switch reference ..................................................... 76
4.8 Interrogatives ...................................................................... 77
4.9 Conjunctions ....................................................................... 78
4.10 Interjections......................................................................... 78
4.10.1 Exclamations .......................................................... 78
4.10.2 Greetings................................................................. 78
4.10.3 Polite interjections .................................................. 79
4.10.4 Generic interjection ................................................ 79
5. Phrase............................................................................................... 80
5.1 Noun phrase ........................................................................ 80
5.1.1 Basic descriptive noun phrase ................................ 80
5.1.2 Genitive noun phrase .............................................. 81
5.1.3 Coordinate noun phrase .......................................... 81
5.1.4 Generic noun phrase ............................................... 82
5.2 Adjective phrase.................................................................. 82
4.4

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