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Volume5
Issre
49
CONTENTS
Anti-Tank
Missiles
tuti-Ta*Wuheads
BAeSwingfLe
HuntingI,AWS0
962
964
964
964
965
966
966
968
969
970
974
975
9?6
978
978
9?9
980
980
980
980
BoforsBurtam
Consultant
Editor:
Major
General Sir
Jeremy Moore
KCB OBE MG,
Comman-
der
of
British
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Falklands campaign.
ffVOrdnanceCulGuslav
A6rospatiale
SS,
I
I
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(iii):
US
Air
Force.
(iv):
US
At
ForceruS
Air
Force.
Picture
acknowledgements
i
i
iAnti-hnk
Today,
as
in
the past, the tarl/r remains a
dominant
force on
the
battlefield. It
is
being
challenged,
howeve4 by
a
new
genetation
of weapons
which
range
from
man'portable
systems
to those
carried
by
armoured vehicles
and
assault
helicopters.
Modern
anti-tank weapons
are divided into three
basic
categories.
Heavy anti-tank weapons (FIAWs)
are
designed
to
engage
enemy
armour
well
away from the defensive location, and are
typifled
by
such
systems
as
TOW and'Sagger', Medium anti-tankweapons (MAWs) can
engage targets out to about
1000m
(1,095
yards) from the
defensive
position,
and are
typified
by
the Carl
Gustav
and
Polgtore.
And
light
B
ell
UH
-
I
B
mounted
TOW systems
firs
t
saw
com bat
in the
VietnamWar
during
the
1972
NorthVietnamese invasionof
the
South.The
two
helicopter
systems
deployed recorded
73 hits
out
of
their
first
89
mr'ssiles
fired, destroying
at
least26
tanks,
includingSoviet-builtT-S4 medium and
PT
-
7
6
light
amphibiou
s
ve
hicle
s.
The M
I
5
I
J
eep
and
anti-tank weapons
(LAWs) are
usually
simple
one-shot throw-away
systems,
such as
the LAW80
that
are
used
to
engage
close-range
targets.
1956
Sinai campaigm,
the
1967
Six-Day
War
and
the
1971
Indo-Pakistan
conllict. The
1972
North Vietnamese invasion
of
South
Vietnam
saw
the
Lr terms of operational use,
MAWs and LAWs
have seen extensive
sewlce
from
World War
II onwards, whilst HAWs, which are
aimost
aI
anti-tank
guided
weapons
(ATG\
D,
have
only recently
come of
age,
The
i973 Yom
Kippur War
saw
the
first
extensive
use of
the ATGW,
initial press reports after the
war
indicating that
these weapons had
finatly
vanquished
the tank
as
the
primary
battlefield weapon. However,
the
constructive technical
evaluations
which followed showed
that
it
was
ia
fact the tank
gnrn
which scored
the highest success rate, both the
ATW
and the
LAW being
classed
as
only moderately
successfirl. This
was
in
complete contrast
with
the
relatively
poor showing
of
the
ATGW
in the
first
uses
of
ATGWs in
South East Asia,
in
the forms
of
the
AT-3
'Sagger'
and then the
TOW,
the
latter
initially
being
used
in
the
helicopter-borne
role with startling
success.
Further
proof
of
the
potency
of
the
helicopter/
ATGW
pairing
has
come
since
then
in
both
the
continuing
Gulf
War and
the
1982
'Peace
for Galilee' invasion
of
Lebanon
by
Israel.
Higrh
corifid-
ence
in
zuch
systenrs
is demonstrated today
by
the
high proportion of
resources that both NATO and the Warsaw
Pact
are investing in these
developments, whilst other more
exotic weapons are
being researched.
A
British Aerospace
Swingfire
explodes
against
the
thick
hide
of
a
Conqueror
heavy tank.
Conventional armour
is
no
longer
proof
against
the
modern
warhead,
and
such a
strike
would
almost
certainly
disable
the
vehicle.
Anti-Tcnk
\IVcrhecds
At
the heart of
modern
anti-tank
technology
lies
the
requirement
for
a
weapon to penetrate
and
incapacitate
an
armoured
vehicle.
Differing
techniques are
used,
but
the
end
re
su
It
remains
fft
e
sarne.
track
to
cause
a
mobilitv kill.
One development,
for
use bv
hiqher-velocir,,
weapons, is
the
High
Explosive
Armour-Pibrcing
(HEAP) rouhd,
-which
has
i
nardened case
to
penetrate the armour
and
a
delayed
action contact fuse
tc
detonate the explosive
charqe
within
the tarqet
to
ensure
a
total vehicle
kill.
low-velocity weapons.
The
nose
of the
projectile
cruriples
upon
imiact
to
maximize
the contact
area before
the
charge
is
detonated.
Oncb
this
hbppens
shock
waves
are
set
up in the
armour:
these either
incapacitate
the'
irew
The High Explosive Sqlrash-Head
(HESH)
round
is
designed for both
high- anc
Modern anti-tank projectiles
are
generally
fitted
with
one of
four
basic
types of
warhead.
The Armour-Piercing
Discarding
Sabot
{APDS}
round is designed
for
high-
velocity weapons such
as
the tank
gun. The APDS
projectile
has
the
armour-
piercing
element
in
the form of
a hard core
of significantly
smaller calibre but
heavier
weight
than
that
of
the
bore-filling sabot surrounding it. The core
is
shaped speclfically
for maximum
penetration properties,
and
when
freed
from
the sabot elements
acquires
most of the kinetic
energy
imparted to the
com-
plete
projectile.
A
further
recent refinement
to
increase armour-penetration
capability
is
the
use
of
depleted uranium
as the core
material;
this
reacts
exothermically
with
the steel plate of the armour, causing
it
to soften slightly
as
the core penetrates,
thus
making
it
possible
to
defeat thicker
armour.
The High Explosive
(HE) round
with
an
instantaneous
contact fuse can
be
used by artillery pieces, recoilless rifles
and
other MAW systems. When the
projectile
is
sufficiently
large
(as in
the
case
of the artillery rounds)
it can
destroy
or
seriously damage the external
fittings
of
a
tank such
as
the
wheels,
rollers or
Below: The
dart-shaped
high-density
Right: The
spectacular
result
of
a
penetrator
of
the
Armour
Piercing
highvelocity armour-piercing
round
(APFSDS)
round
(left) is designed
directly
or
more
likely
cause metal
f
ragments to
scale
off
f
ron-i
the surface
of
the
armour
adjacent
to the impact point
and
fly
around inside
the
vehicle at great
velocity.
The most widely
used
of
today's warheads is
the
High
Energy Anti-Tank
(HEAT)
type. This
is
found
in
shells, rocket, grenades
or
miJsiles
an"d'needs
only
moderate impact velocity
as
it
depends
fbr its
effect
on
the
desion
of
the
warhead itself
and
the
f
use.
The latter needs to
be
a
certain distance
air,ray
f
rom
the former to start
a
detonation-wave running through the
conical
charge
iarried
in
order
to
concentrate
the force
of the
explosion
into a thin,
fasl-movino
high-temperature jet that literally burns
its
waythrough
the armour
plate and
int6
amongst ammunition
and fuel.
ln order
to
defeat these warheads the
armour
technologists
have
turned
to
various types
of 'laminate'
or
'sandwich'
armour, of
which
the British Chobham
type is
probably
the best known. More recently the
anti-tank specialists
have
countered
this
by
designing weapons which attack the thinner top armour of
an
armou red
vehicle, using
seltforging
f
ragment warheads which crbate their
own
extremely high-velocity penetrator cores that
easily pierce
armour
plate.
the
vehicle's interior,
where
it
causes catastrophic secondary
explosions
FinStabilizedDiscardingSabot
strikingitstarget.Whatthepicture
to
cannot
show
is
the
awesome
clang
utilize
kinetic energy
in
penetrating
generated hy
a
high-velocity
piece
ot
armour.
The HEAT
round
(right)
employs
a
shaped explosion to
blast
depleted uranium
shearing
through
centimetres of metal in
a
fraction
of
a
second.
ajetolmoltenmetalintotheinterior.
Anti-Tank Missiles
High
density kinetic energy penetrator
Dreaks
throuqh armour
Hioh veLocity
round penetrates armour.
Warhead
f
lattens
to enlarge
contact
Delayed action fuse
l-T-
FD
=Z-sabot
->\=
L,^^.^,
+
L,core,
f
throuoh,then
APDS
steel
armour
HEAp
/ /
exprodes
Lrf
rsteelarmour
roundbreaks#L
-
g,%
w
FRrue
sh
ock
Shaped explosive creates
hict
temperature jet which
burns:-':
steel
-l-
6
sh
ock
fuse
waves
metal
very high
tem peratu
re
f
lame
from
:
".':\-$
€"
HESH
steelarmour
I
fragments
explosive
HEAT
steel
armour
.
pressLrg
*
3
.::
flame
arc
-=:"
.///-
E:+-sabol
l--r---
L'"o,"'
R
armour
Chobham
hull
ofvehicle
reater
extent
wave
(:
shock
waves
are
dissipated
by
structure
of
armour
very high
f
tem
peratu
re
lame
f
rom
explosive
hull
bva
Chobham
armour
hullof
vehicle
armour
hullofvehicle
Chobham
armour
Laminated armour resists penetration
to
a
much
g
to
penetrate armour
Explosion directed outwards
by
f
ailure
Shock
waves
are
redirected along
armour
and
dissipated
by
laminated
construction
Laminated armour conducts
-3a.
:
from site
of
detonation
I
n a
I 979
demonstration
of
the
lethality
of
shaped
charge
warheeds^
two
Swingfire missileswere
fitd
against
a
Conqueror
heavy
hnk
hulk
(
above),
which
was
the
hean'esf
and
be
s t
p
r
o
te
c
te
d
c
onv
e
ntion
ally
armoured
tank
ever
built
in
the
IJK.
One
struck
the
I
30-mm
thick
6t'
front
glacis plate
at
an
angle of
4t
n
the
m
ain
axis,
with
the j
et
penetating
the
drivels
comp
artn
en
t, the
bulkhead
between this and
thefrghting
commander's c:upolaqeft) on
top
of
the
turret,
with
the j
et
burning
right
through
it and
leauing
two
h&
comparhnent, causng severe
damage there and
in
the
engine
compar tment
beyand
to
d
estq
tl'p-
tank.
The
other struck
the
rh
flresjdes. Theexplosionof
tlze
warhead
blew
off
all
the
halch
onlas
andcaused
a
scab to
break
aszay
this caused
considerable
damage to
the
interior
of
the
turret.
Lef
t
:
C augh
t
dr
am
atiallf
by
kiqb-
speed
llasi
p}r
o
tagr aphy,
tbe fi
srT
metal
penetrator
o{
anAnacrarl.
Piercing Fin
S
tabilidDiscarrhg
S
abot (APFSD
S)
roua
d
rae
omrds
its
target.

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