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Volume
2
Issue
15
CONTENTS
Modern
Self-Propelled
Guns and
Howitzers
Mk
6I
l05-mm Self-Propeiled Howitzer
Mk
F3
l55-mm Self-Propelled
Gun
GCT
155-mm
Self-Propelled
Gun
M52
105-mm
Seif-Propelled Howitzer
M
109
155-mm
Managing Editor:
Stan
Morse
Editorial:
Trisha
Palmer
Chris Bishop
Chris Chant
Design:
Rod Teasdale
Golour
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Thame.
Oxon
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N/ACHINF Back Numbers,
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114
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Cover
pictwe
A
175
mm
(6
98-in) M107
self-propelled
gun in
seMce
\u1h
ihe British
Army
Used
inVietnam
to
provide
long range
fire
support,
the
M
1
07 has
since been
phased
out
of
American
seniice
to
be
converted
to
203-mm
(9-in)
Mi
I0AZ
howitzer
systems.
Many
other
armies who use
the
equipment
are
likely
to
followsuit.
Since
the
end
of
World
War
II
the
self-propelled
gnzn
and
howitzer
has become
an
essential part of
the
modern
battlefield
scene.
As
one
of
the
uital
components
of
the
combined afins
concept,
self-propelled
artillery
has
avast
azray
of
fire control
aids
andtypesof
ammunitionavailablein
ord,erto ptoduce
exactlythe
amount
of
fire tosuitany
sifintion,
Self-propelled
guns and
howitzers
are by
no
means
a
new invention
as
in
,';:orld
War
I
the
Britlsh developed a version
of
the tank that
could
lansport
a towed
artillery piece
across
the battlefield, Between
the
-,';crld
wars
much
work
was done
on
self-propelled
artillery weapons but
::ardly
any of these
were
in
service by
the
time
that
World
War II
broke
li:.
During
this
conflict
Germany
and the United
States
devoted
con-
s:derable resources
to
the
development
and
production
of
self-
After
the
war Western
armtes
became increasingly mechanized
and,
prcpelled
quns and
howitzers
and some
of
these, such
as
the MZ 'Priest',
remain
in
service
today.
-
towed
quns
could
not
be
expected
to keep up with
these
units,
gnrns
and howitzers
were developed
and
deployed
on
a
scale, These
were
mostly
of
the 203-mm
(8-in)
155-mm
(6.
1-in)
and
-arge
-15-mm
(4.
13-rn)
calibres, although
by the
1960s
the
last
was being
seif-propelted
phased out
in
most countries due to
preference
for the
more
effective
-35-mm (6
l-in)
weapon which could
also
fire
a nuclear
projectile,
It
is
only in recent
years that
the
Soviet Unton
has
started to
deploy
self-propelled
guns and
howitzers
on
a
large
scale, although
specialized
:ank destroyers and
assault
gn:ns
have
been
in servtce for many
years,
The
recent conflicts
in
the
Mrddle
East
have again
proved
that
there
is
no
substitute for
self-propelled
arttllery, which
is
now
an
essential
part of
the
combined
arms concept
with
armour, infantry, engineers and
he--
copters, For
a
variety
of reasons
towed rather
than
self-propelled
ar--
lery
was
used
in
the Falklands campaign of
1982
but there
is
little
do'.:c:
that this was one
of
the
deciding
factors in the
rapid
collapse
of
Argei-:-
nian
morale.
Sweden was the
first
country to
deploy
a
self-propelled
gun
with
a::
automatic
loading
systemr
the
Bandkanon
lA,
but
this was
never
er:-
ported, France
has
recently
deployed
the
l55-mm
(6
1-in)
GCT
sel---
propelled
gmn
that can
fire
at
the
rate
of
elght
rounds
per
minute until
i:s
ammunition
is
exhausted;
this
weapon
has
already been exported
to
Iraq
and
Saudi
Arabia.
Italy, West Germany and the United Kingdom are
:c
replace thelr
MlO9s
from the
late
1980s
with the
155-mm (6
f
-in)
SP-7C
which
is
based
on
automotive
components
of
the
Leopard I
MBT and
wl
also
be
fitted with
an
automatic
loading
system,
The introduction
c:
artillery-
and mortar-locating
systems such
as
the
American
AN/TPQ-34
and
AN/TPQ-37 has
meant that
artillery
weapons can now easily
be
located and rdentrfied and counter-battery
flre quickly
brought
to
bear
This means that in
future conflicts
artillery will
fire
only for
a
short
perlcd
belore moving
off
to
a
new
fire
position,
for
static location
wril
swel;.-
entail
neutralization.
Self-propelled artillery
weapons
are
of
little
use
without
the
full range
of
fire-control aids
that
now include surveillance and locating
radars
sound-ranginq equipment,
battahon
and
battery
computers,
positior-
and azimuth
determining
systems,
RPVs
and surveillance arrcrafl4reL-
copters, laser
rangefinders
and meteorological
stations, to name
jusi
a
few.
The
Israelis
used
theMllT
widely in
the
I973Yom
Kippurwar andintend
to
keep
itin
service.
Firing
the
special40-km
(24.8-mile)
plus
rounddeveloped
tor
them,
the
long
range
of the
175-mm
(6.89-in)
gun
is
ideal
for Israel's special
requirement.
FRANCE
Mk
61
105-mm
Self-Propelled Howitzer
development
by
the Atelier
de
C'crctruction
d'lssy-les-Moulineaux
of
:-e
AMX-13
light
tank in the
late
1940s
i-d
the
basis
for one of the
largest
:anihes of tracked vehrcles ever
de-
-,':loped
At
an
early
stage the French
::my
rssued a
requirement for
a
105-
:er.
and
it
was
decided
to base
thrs
Mk
6l
eqLlpment on a modifled
AMX-13
::rk
chassis After tdals with
prototype
-.-emcles the
equipment
was
placed
in
p:cductron
at
the
Atelier
de Construc-
--:n
Roanne in
the
late
1950s
under
the
-esrgmation
Obusier
de
I05
Moddle
50
sur
Afftt
Automoteur
for the
French
a:ny
It
is
strll available
to
special
::der
from
Creusot-Loire,
which
now
he
a
cupola
with
periscopes for
all-round
observation, The
suspension
is
of the
well-proven
torsion-bar type,
and
con-
sists on
each
srde
offive
rubber-tyred
road wheels, with
the
drive sprocket
at
the
front,
the
idler
at
the
rear
and
three
track-return
rollers.
Hydraulic
shock
absorbers are
provided
at
the first
and
last
road wheel
stations. The
tracks are
::n
(4.
13-mm)
self-propelled
howit-
steel,
but
can
be
fltted wrth rubber
pads
to reduce
damage
to the
road
surface,
The
105-mm
(4,
13-in)
howitzer
has
a
double-baffle muzzle-brake and
can
be
elevated
from
-4"
30'
to
i,:rlds
and
markets all members
-:,-N4X- 13
of
the
+66";
traverse
rs
20'left
and
right,
Traverse
and
elevation
are both manual.
Various
types
of
standard
105-mm
(4.
13-in)
separate-loading ammunition can
be
liSht tank
family,
In
additron
to
:eLng used
by
the French army, it
has
leen
purchased
by
Morocco
Israel
=d
the Netherlands, the
last havingr
a
-:agrer 3O-ca[bre
barrel,
The type
has
aready been
phased out
of
service
-,';ih the
lsraeli
army,
havingr
been
re-
::aced
by the
155-mm
(6,
1-in)
l,li09A1;
in
the French army
it
is
beingr
:eplaced by the
155-mm
(6,
1-in)
GCT
s=li-propelled
weapon.
The
vehicle
is
of all-welded
steel
kg
(35.3
lb)
to a
maxlmum
range of
15000
m
(16,405
yards)
and
a
HEAT
projectile which
will
penetrate
350
rnm
(13,8
in)
of
armour
at an
inci-
dence of
0'
or
105
mm
(4,13
in)
of
armour at
65" A
total of
56
rounds
of
ammunition
is
carried,
and
of
these
sx
werghrng
16
fired
including
an HE projectile
fitted with
a
turret
that could
be
The
prototype
of
a
srmilar
vehicle
but
r.nstruction that provides the
crew
','-th
protectron
from
small arms flre
ard
shell
splinters,
The
engdne and
:arsmission
are
at the
front,
the
driver
=
on the left
side
and the fully
en-
:iosed
gun compartment
is at
the
rear.
i,ccess
hatches
are provided
in
the
:
:
rf
and rear, and the commander
has
are normally HEAT rounds. A
7.62-mm
(0.3-in)
or
7.5-mm
(0,295-in)
machine-
grun
rs
mounted
externally
on the
roof
for
anti-aircraft
defence, and
a
simiiar
traversed
througrh
360'was built
but
not
placed
in
production
although
a
few were
purchased
for
trials
pur-
poses
by
Switzerland.
By
the time the
turet
version was ready most
coun-
tries had already decided
to
replace
thetr
105-mm
(4.
13-in)
equipment wrth
based on
the
AMX-l3light
tank
cfiassis. Obsolete by
modern
standards,
it
is
still available
to
special
order.
The
M k
6
I
is one of the
many vehic;es
Specification
Crew:
5
Weight:
16500
kq(36,375
lb)
Dimensions: Ienglh
5.70
m
(18 ft
87:
:-
width
2.65
m
(B
ft B%
in);
height
2.7C
:.
(B
ft 10/+
in)
Powerplant:
one SOFAM BGxb
B-
cyhnder petrol engine
developing
250
hp
(186
more
effective
155-mm
(6.1-in)
u/eapons, and in
most cases chose
the
American
MlO9.
The
chassis
of
the
Mk
6l
was
also
used for tdals
with
the
Ro-
land
surface{o-air
missiie system and
as
a
minelayer but
neither
of
these
variants
entered
productlon. A similar
chassis
is
also used
for the
AMX-13
DCA
twin
3O-mm
self-propelled
anti-
aircraft
gmn
produced for the
French
weapon
is carried
inside the vehicle
for use in the gnound
role,
2,000
rounds
of
ammunition
being carried
for these
weapons, The
Mk
6l
does
not
have
an
NBC
system,
and
has
no
amphibious
capability,
One
of
the
drawbacks
of
the
Mk
61
is
the
limited
traverse of the
ordnance.
army in
the
1960s.
Performance: maximum
road
speei
60
lan/it
(37
mph); maximum
rangre
350
km
(217
miles); gradient
60%;
vertical obstacle
0.65 (2 ft 2
in);
trenc.-
1.60
m
(5 ft 3
in)
kW)
fE
-:
the
-,i-ar
ivrt
rs
155-mm
Self-Propelled
Gun
:.owrtzer
ol
rhe
French army
was
the
Lmerican
155-mm
(6
l-in)
M41 Howit-
zer
Motor Carriage,
essentially
the
lvi24 Chaffee
light
tank
chassis
fitted
',',rth a
slightly modified
version of the
II
the
standard
perrod rmmediately after
World
self-pgopelled
standard
Mll4
towed
howitzer,
This
',ras
replaced
in
the
1960s
by the
155-
nm
(6,
l-in)
Mk
F3
self-propelled
gnrn,
-rhich
is
basically
a
shortened AMX-
l3
hght tank
chassis
with
155-mm
(6,
l-in)
gun
mounted
at
the
rear
of
the
hull, The
ordnance rs based
on the Modele
50
:cwed
weapon
of
the
same
calibre,
In
addition
to
being
used
by the
French
army
the
Mk
F3 is
used by
Argrentina,
inanumberof
Middle
East
The
MkFS
iswidely
used
and
South
American
countries,
including
Argentina.
Chile,
Ecuador, Kuwait,
Morocco,
Qatar,
Sudan,
United
Arab
Emirates
ald
Venezuela,
It
will
be replaced in
the
late
1980s
in French service by the
i55-mm
(6,
1-in) GCT,
calibre barrel
has
a
double-baffle
muzzle-brake and
a
screw
breech
mechanism, Ammunition
is of
the
separate{oading
type, and the follow-
ing can be
fired:
high explosive wtth
a
maximum ranqe of just
over
20000
m
to a range
of
17750
m
(19,410
yards),
(21,875
yards), illuminating and smoke
a
traversed
B"
to the
right,
The
33-
Productionof the
Mk
F3,
along
with
other members
of
AMX-13 liqht
tank
family,
was oriqrinal-
ly
undertaken at the
Atelier de
Con-
struction
Roanne,
a
French
govern-
ment
facility, but
as
this
plant tooled up
for
production
of
the
AMX-30
MBT,
and a
rocket-assrsted
projectile to
AMX-30
variants and
the
AMX-10P
family,
production
of the
whole AMX-
13
family,
including the
Mk
F3, was
n-ansferred
to
Creusot-Loire
at
ChA-
1on-sur-Sa6ne,
where production
con-
tmues
today,
althougrh at
a
much
lower
range
of
253300
m
(27
670
yards),
Rate
of
fire
for the first few minutes
rs
three
rounds
per
minute,
but when the Mk
F3 is
used
rn
the
sustained fire role the
rate
is
one
lound a
minute,
Before
firing
commences
two
spades
are
The
155-mm
(6,
l-in)
ordnance
is
mounted
at
the
very redr
ofthe
chassis
and
can
be elevated from
0'to
+67",
mth
a
traverse
of
20'left
and
right
up to
an
elevation of
*50'and
of
16'left
and
30'right
from +50" up
to the
maxrmum
elevation.
Elevation
and traverse
are
both
manual,
When travelling
the
ordnance
rs
held in
a
travel lock
and
2BZ
rate.
manually released
at
the
rear
of
the
hull
and
the
vehicle then
reversed
backwards to
provide
a more
stable
flring
platform.
A
major disadvantage of the
Mk
F3
(in
addition
to the total lack of
protec-
tion
for
the
gmn
and its
crew)
is
that
only the
driver
and
commander
can
be
carried in the
actual
vehicle
The re-
mainder
of
the
gnrn
crew
are
carried in
an
AMX VCA (Vehicule Chenille
d
Ac-
compaqnement,
or
tracked
suppofi
vehicle) or
6x6
truck which
also car-
ries
25
projectiles, charges
and associ-
ated
fuzes.
The
VCA
can
also
tow
an
TheMkF3
in
firing
positionwith
its
recoil
spade
down.
The
total
Lack
of
gun and crew
protection is
self-
evident.
11*&
F!
I5ilmm
Self-Propelled Gun (continued)
speaker and cable. The basic
vehicle
is
powered
by
a
petrol engine, but
if
Modern
Self-Propelled Gwrs and Howitzers
(185
to
250 mites).
required this
can
be
replaced
by
a
General Motors
Detroit
Diesel 6V-537
developing
280
hp
(209
kW),
This
pro-
and, most
important
of
all,
an
increased
Specification
Crew:2
Weisht:
17400
ks
(38,360
lb)
Dimensions: lengrh lgun
forward)
duces
a
slightly higher road
speed
operational range from
300
to
400
km
6.22m(20
ft 5
in);
width
2,72
m
(B
ft
I
1
in);
height
2.085
m
(6
ft
1O
in)
fI
-
6Ur
ISS-mm
Self-Propelled
Gun
:::
::,:ry
years
the
standard
self-
;r-::-ied
weapons
of the
French
1=_;
:ave
been
the
155-mm
(6.1-in)
.
r.:::
and
the
105-mm
(4,
l3-in) Mk
61.
l:,=,:r.ner
suffered
a
major disadvan-
.;=
::
irat
its
weapon
was
in an
unpro-
.=::=i
mount wrth
ltmited traverse and
to
be
carried
-:er
full-tracked vehicle
that also
--:
:.::-=i
the
ammunrtion.
In
the
late
-
I
-s
a
new
self-propelled
gun
called
:::
:-
the
gmn
crew
had
CdI
Although meant
to
replace
the
MkF3
in French service,
the
GCT was
first
deployed
by
S
audi
Arabia,
since
when ithas beenadopted
hy
Ircq
and
used
in
the
Gulf War. The
automatic loading
system
enables
the
GCT
to
fire
up
to
eight rounds
per
-rl.:'--30 MBT
chassis,
The first
pro-
-
--ce was
completed
in
1972,
and fol-
.--,',-:-g
trials
with a
pre-production
r='.-:ioped on
a
slightly
modified
---=
(Grande Cadence de Tir) was
minute.
the
rear.
The
four-man
crew
can re-
load
the
GCT
in
i5
minutes, and
if re-
quired
loadinq can
be
undertaken
while
the
weapon
is being
fired,
The
automatrc loading system enables
a
rate
of
erght
rounds
per
minute,
and
:=::::
of
l0
vehrcles production
got
-:-r=r
way
in
1977.
For
a number of
:=::f,ns
Saudr
Arabia
was
the
frrst
-: -r::ry to deploy the
GCT; they
::::led
51 systems
plus
a
complete
--::-rcntrol
system.
The French
army
r=_:_
:=!-oys
it
in regiments
of
18
weapons
--:ee
batteries
each
wlth
sx
GCTs).
1.1::e
recently Iraq
has
placed
an
GCTs, and these are now
:e-:g dellered.
The
GCT
rs
manuJac-
.-::d
at the Atelier
de
Construction
::-rne
with the
assrstance
of
many
BS
jnates
the
GcT
the
155
AU
Fl,
and
the
gunner can select either
single
ing just
45
seconds.
When
manual
shots or
sx-round
bursts, the
latter tak-
:::r
for
::::Ce.
-.:er
GIAT
loading
rs
used, hvo
to
three
rounds
per
minute can
be
fired,
The following projectiles can
be
fired by
the GCT:
high
explosive,
illu-
minatinq,
smoke
and
rocket-assrsted.
yards)
and
has
been
developed by
Thomson-Brandt. More advanced
pro-
jectiles are
now
under
development
for the GCT and
the
towed equivalent,
the TlR, includrng
a
round carryrng
sx
antr-tank mines.
The ordnance
can
The
iast has
a ranqre
of30500
m
(33,355
establishments
all
over
r--::
a
new all-welded turret
in
;::Cge
breech block. Elevation
:::lar
:--:zzle-brake
and
a
vertical
sliding
rs
to that
of
the AMX-30 MBT but
the
:::n'e
fitted with a
155-mm
(6.l-in)
40-
:.'ihre
barrel
that
has
a
multi-baffle
from
-js
mentroned above,
the
chassr,s
is
also
fire
the
American
Cannon-
Launched Guided Projectile
(CLGP)
:-anual
controls
for
eri-rergency
use,
12
i'
to
+ 66"
at a
rate of
5"
per
second,
although
this
has not
yet
been
nrret
traverse
is
360'at
the
rate
of
army.
--i
per
second, T\rrret traverse
and
accepted
by
the French
12,7-mm (0.5-
A
7.62-mm (0,3-in)
or
--'
;:r
elevation
are
hydraulic,
with
in) machine-gun
rs
mounted
on the
tur-
-
ret
roof for antr-aircraft defence,
and
The major feature of the GCT
is
the
projectiles
and
a
srmrlar
number
of
:artridqes
caried
in
racks
in the
turret
:ear.
Ammunition
mx
depends
on
the
,1.trcal
situation,
but
can consist of
36
-sx
racks
ofsu)
HE and
sx
(one
rack
of
::)
smoke
projectrles. Access to
the
:rnmumtron racks
for
reloading pur-
pcses
is via two large turret
doors in
r:iomatic
loading system for
a
total of
two electrrcally-operated
smoke-
Leopard
I
MBT
chassis
but
this com-
bination
has not so
hr
been
adopted
by
any country,
dischargers are mounted
on each
side
ofthe
turret. Standard equrpment
ofall
vehicles rncludes nighr-vsion
equip-
ment and a ventilatrng
system,
while
optional equipment includes an
NBC
The GCT
is
seen here
with its
otdnance atits maximum elevation
of66
degrees.
I
2-cylinder water-cooled multi-fue]
engine developing
720
hp
(537
kW)
Performance: maximum
road
speed
60
km/h
(37
mph);
maximumrange
450
kn
(280
miles); gradient
60%;
vertical obstacle
0,93 m (3
fl
02/z
trt),
trench
1.90
m
(6 ft 3
in)
Specification
Crew:4
Weight:
42000
ks
(92,595
lb)
Dimensions: length
(qun
forward)
10,25
m
(33
fITVz
tn),Ienqth (hull)
6.7A
mQ2 ft0
rn);
wrdth3.
15
m
(10
ft
4
in);
herght3.25 m(10 ftB in)
Powerplant:
one Hispano-Suiza
HS
t
t0
pack.
muzzle
veloclry
measuring
equipment
and varrous
fire-control de-
vices, For trials purposes the
turet
of
the
GCT
has
also
been fitted to
the
started
tn
1951
at the
Detroit
Tank
Arsenal
under
the designation T98El,
thrs
being
standardized subsequently
as
the
M52. From
the
early
1960s
the
weapon was
replaced by the
105-mm
(4.
13-rn)
MIOB,
which
itsel1
was
soon
replaced by the
155-mm
(6.
f
-in)
M1O9
self-propelled howitzer based on
the
same chassis as
the
M108.
The
main
propelled
howitzer was
developed
to
meet the
requireme.nts
of the
Umted
States
Field
Artillery
in the
pedod
lm-
mediately after
World
War
1I,
and uses
many
automotrve components
com-
mon to
the
M41
light
tank, Production
The M52
105-mm
(4,13-in) self-
=
iurSZ
105-mm
Self-Propelled Howitzer
reasons
for
the replacement
of
the
M10B
and
M52
by
the
Ml09
was
the
latter's
155-mm
(6.1-in) projectile,
which
is
much heavier
and
has a
gnea-
ter
HE
content,
and
rs
therefore
con-
siderably more effective.
It
also
has
the
longer
rangre
of
14000
m
(15,310
yards)
ammunitron,
eventually including
tac-
and can
fire a wider
selectron of
tical
nuclear
ammunition,
Another
Althoughreplaced
in
US
advantage
of
the
M109
over the
M52
rs
Army
sewice
by
the M
I
09
series,
the
M52
can still
be
found in
a
number
of
NATO and
Far
Eastern
countries.
,q
r

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