Young-sun Song Prospect for us-japan security cooperation.pdf

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Prospect for U.S.-Japan Security Cooperation
Author(s): Young-sun Song
Source:
Asian Survey,
Vol. 35, No. 12 (Dec., 1995), pp. 1087-1101
Published by: University of California Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2645832
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PROSPECT FOR U.S.-JAPAN
SECURITY COOPERATION
Young-sun
Song
The end of theCold War and theGulfWar have had a
on
of
scholars analysts
and
significant
impact thethinking Japanese
regarding
role
fill. In thefour
decadesafter
theglobalandregional their
country
should
in
its defeat
and occupation WorldWar Two, Japan'sinternational
position
withthe UnitedStates.
was circumscribed its patron-client
by
relationship
Shieldedby the American
security
guarantee,
Japanese
foreign
policywas
virtually
synonymous foreign
with
economic
the
policy. However, endofthe
Cold War meantthe U.S.-Japan
security
had
relationship lost muchof its
rationale,
generating debateoverwhether
a
Japanshoulddevelopa postwar
rationale maintaining present
for
the
relationship shouldestablish new
or
a
withthe UnitedStates. The debateleads intothreedifferent
relationship
the
schools of thought: statusquo school,directed
toward
Ja-
maintaining
role and policies; a neonationalist
school advocating role
a
pan's current
autonomous
from U.S.; and a new internationalist
the
schoolthat
completely
actsin theinternational
arena
encourages
significant
changein thewayJapan
butwithout
role.'
leadingto an autonomous
Theserecent
are
of
publicdiscussions manifestations a nation
confronting
momentous
role
The
changein its international and responsibilities. debate
on reexamining core axiomsof Japanese
the
foreign
policysince 1945 was
almostunprecedented
becausethepublicdiscussion security defense
of
and
avoidedby manypoliticians.Although
the
policyhad been systematically
debatewas accelerated Japan'sneedto respond thePersianGulfcrisis
to
by
and subsequent
in
to
its
attempts authorize participation U.N. peacekeeping
has
on
operations,
Japan yetto reacha consensus itsrolein thenew interna-
tionalorder.
of
Korea Institute De-
for
Young-sun
Song is Director JapanStudies,
fenseAnalysis,
Seoul.
? 1995 by The Regents theUniversity California
of
of
1. EugeneBrown,
"Japan's
Searchfor
Strategic
Vision:The Contemporary
Debate,"Strategic
StudiesInstitute, Army
U.S.
War College,February 1993,p. 1.
25,
1087
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JSTOR Terms and Conditions
1088
VOL. XXXV,
NO. 12,DECEMBER1995
ASIANSURVEY,
a
period itsdefense
in
Meanwhile, U.S. also has gonethrough turbulent
the
a
ills, including dangerous
of
domestic
strategy
undertheweight mounting
With
leadersand institutions.
in
declinein thepublic's confidence political
eco-
of
the adventof the Post-ColdWar and therecognition its declining
weakenits
that
nomicpower, U.S. gavetheimpression itwouldgradually
the
in
the
regionthrough phased with-
commitment the Asia-Pacific
security
in
from overseabases, as outlined "A Strategic
its
forces
drawalof military
Rim:East Asia Strategic
Initiatives"
(EASI I
for
Framework theAsia-Pacific
1990 and September
1992.2 However,
whentheSecre-
and II) in November
Report
(EASR) in February
of
tary DefensereleasedtheEast Asia Strategy
for
a
of
and strategy East
1995, delineating clearpicture theU.S. position
was
country readyto replaceit as a
Asia,3theU.S. was surethatno other
in
onlytwo countries Asia could be
nexus forAsian security.
Moreover,
and
sourcesof instability uncertainty, bothChina and
and
viable potential
their
ambitions.
geopolitical
the
that
Japanrecognized limitations inhibited
for
and safer Asia
future, agreedit wouldbe cheaper
all
For theforeseeable
if
Statescontinued play
to
its
states, theUnited
as a whole,and for individual
some sortof corerole.
shouldplay,at
also makesclearwhatkindof roleJapan
The U.S. position
with
leastin regard itsrelationship theU.S. WiththeEASR, Washington
to
from
substantial
reduction
the
its
troop
through end of the
changed position
in
to
reports, a reaffirma-
decade,as envisioned the 1990 and 1992 strategy
for
in
tionoftheU.S. commitment maintain forward
to
a
presence theregion
will have no rea-
future.
Withthisclearcommitment,
theforeseeable
Japan
relation-
to
of
son to vacillate continue debatethecontinuation itssecurity
or
shipwiththeUnitedStates.
the
as
it
On thebasis ofAmerica's wellas Japan's
attitudes, seemsthat fall
of
of theSovietUniondid notfundamentally thefoundation theU.S.-
erode
of
recognizethe importance
relationship.
Both countries
Japan security
in
as
their
maintaining tiesbutfluidities theinternational well as theNorth-
U.S. bases in SouthKorea
from
of
withtheEASI I, thewithdrawal troops
2. In accordance
including
5,000 army
to
phases:thefirst involve7,000 troops,
in
was to be implemented three
carried by theend of 1992. By theend of 1995,an
out
and 2,000 air force.This was actually
becauseof theNorth
but
to
6,500werescheduled be withdrawn theplan was frozen
additional
issue.
Koreannuclear
central has notdimin-
and
remains
stability
for
States'roleas a force regional
3. "The United
have essentially
in
in
War reduction UnitedStatesforces theAsia-Pacific
ished.... Post-Cold
Ameri-
on
defense
planning a reliable
Statescan base their
leveledoff... Alliesof theUnited
withwhomthe UnitedStateshas treaty
can security
guarantee.But even beyondthenations
a
provides soundfounda-
military
presence
States
brought
aboutbyUnited
alliances, stability
the
alike."
Asians and Americans
benefiting
in
region,
tionforeconomicgrowth theAsia-Pacific
Affairs,
UnitedStatesSecurity
Security
of
U.S. Department Defense,Officeof International
27,
Region,February 1995,p. 2.
the
Strategyfor East Asia-Pacific
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JSTOR Terms and Conditions
YOUNG-SUN
SONG
1089
east Asian security
environment invite seriesof challenges well as
will
a
as
opportunities thismutual
to
security
cooperation.
Whilemanyissues could
be considered variables therelationship,
in
as
I will arguein thisarticle
that
maintenance cooperative
of
Japan-U.S. in thenextdecadewillbe heavily
ties
dependent
upontheNorth
Koreanissue,U.S.-Japan
trade
friction,
expansion
of Japan'sregional
and international through participation PKO,
role
its
in
and multilateral
security
cooperation.
The importance thePost-Cold
of
War U.S.-Japan
alliancecan be found
not
onlyin thebilateral
relations thealliancepartners also in a regional
of
but
and globalcontext.
FromtheAmerican
point view,themaintenance the
of
of
U.S.-Japan
Security
Treaty
allowstheUnited
States keepmilitary
to
bases on
Japanese and itsbenefits threefold.4
soil
are
Firstof all, theU.S. can utilize
thebases as a foothold carrying its newlyconceptualized
for
out
"regional
defense
strategy." recognizes importance thebases notonlyforthe
It
the
of
defenseof Japanbut also forrapiddeployment the Korean Peninsula.
on
However, mostbenefit thegenerous
of
is
hostnation
support
from
Japan.In
terms cost,no country East Asia is morehelpful
of
in
thanJapan support-
in
inga U.S. military
presence theAsia-Pacific
in
region,5 Washington
and
can
nowmaintain military
its
forces
in
in
than anyother ofthe
cheaper Japan
part
world,
the
including continental
UnitedStates.
Second, the alliance allows the U.S. access to Japanese
defense-related
In
thatJapanand the U.S.
technologies. June1981 Washington
requested
of
careful
exchange suchtechnologies, after
and
study
Tokyodecidedon Jan-
of
to
uary14, 1983,to opentheway fortransfer itsmilitary
technology the
U.S. as an exception itsThreePrinciples ArmsExport.6In accordance
to
of
4. Advisory
Groupon DefenseIssues, TheModality Security DefenseCapability
of
and
of
Japan: Outlookfor 21st Century,
the
August1994,p. 16.
of
5. Office Assistant
of
Secretary Defense,
"DoD Release Report Congress U.S.-Japan
to
on
Security
Relationship,"
newsrelease,
March2, 1995,p. 10; Department Defense,U.S. Secur-
of
Strategy, 33. Japan's
p.
fund
under
categories landleasesforU.S. forces indirect
of
and
costs
ity
suchas waivedlanduse fees,forgone
taxes,tolls,customs payments local communities
and
to
FY
amounts morethan$4.8 billionat 100 yen= $1 for
to
Japanese 1994. Also Japan'sfund
for
facilities
construction
undertheFacilities
to
Improvement
Program
amounts
approximately $1
billionperyear.
6. Japan
DefenseAgency,
DefenseofJapan,1994,p. 74, andpp. 245-46. The ThreePrinci-
ples of ArmsExport
was concluded
and declared PrimeMinister
by
Eisaku Sato on April21,
1967,and provided
thatarmsexport
wouldnotbe permitted (1) communist countries;
to:
bloc
of
(2) countries whichtheexport armsis prohibited
to
under
U.N. resolutions; (3) countries
and
whichare actually
involved likely becomeinvolved international
or
to
in
conflicts.
The House
of Representatives House of Councillors March1981 movedto maketheU.S. an excep-
in
and
tionto theThreePrinciples.
Significance the U.S.-JapanAlliance
of
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All use subject to
JSTOR Terms and Conditions
1090
ASIANSURVEY,
VOL. XXXV,
NO. 12,DECEMBER1995
with
thisdecision, ongoing
the
jointJapan-U.S.
development a next-gener-
of
ationsupport
fighter
(FSX) becamethefirst
case ofjointresearch devel-
and
opment thetwo countries.
by
Furthermore, Global Partnership of
the
Plan
Actionattached theTokyoDeclaration
to
adopted theJapan-U.S.
at
summit
in January
1992 calledfortheenhancement defense
of
cooperation, in the
as
Japan-U.S.
Systems Technology
and
forum,
now meeting
regularly.
The ongoing
jointR&D efforts Theater
on
MissileDefense(TMD), which
in
originated 1989 underthename"WESTPAC Architecture
is
Study," an-
otherarea encouraging
in
mutualcooperation military-related
technology
transfer.7 research
The
results
thattheBallisticMissile Defense
concluded
(BMD) threat U.S. forcesand Japanis real and thatthereis a need to
to
TMD architecture thePacific. Subse-
in
establish affordable effective
an
and
and
quently,
Japan theU.S. beganto meetto setup studies technical
of
feasi-
convincedof the strategic,
and
bility. Japan is generally
technological,
politicalimportance entering a missiledefense
of
into
withtheU.S.
system
defenseindustry.
due to some strongly
discordant
chordswithin
However,
Japan,
from
particularly thoseconcerned
withthecost effectiveness mis-
of
sile defense, Japan
the
DefenseAgency
is
the
(JDA) at thismoment slowing
the
speedofcooperation.8
for
However, long-term
prospects Japanese
partic-
in
ipation TMD are good becauseof its importance boththesecurity
in
and
economicfields.
Finally,
U.S.-Japan
security
cooperation
forms pillarofAmerica'sEast
the
Asian policy. The fall of the SovietUnionmakesthetraditional
aspectof
American
involvement
policyin East Asia-preventing
dominance main-
by
the
taining balance of power-assume greater
prominence.
Thus, a close
U.S.-Japan
association
the
provides U.S. withan indispensable
foothold
for
out
role
carrying thebalancing whilealso supplying rationale contain-
the
for
inganyfull-scale
and
of
development expansion Japanese
military
capability.
The viableU.S. security
commitment Japan
to
vir-
under Security
the
Treaty
the
tually
negates emergence a militarily
of
powerful
but
Japan, ifitcouldno
longer
expecta U.S. security
commitment,
Japanwouldhave no alternative
butto seekmeansto protect
the
off
itself,
including capability fight threats
to
from outside territory. Japanese
far
its
Such
wouldinevitably
capability
gen-
eratea regional
armsrace.
Missile Defensein theWestern
Pacific:
7. Ballistic
Missile DefenseOrganization,
"Theater
was
out
December
WESTPAC Architecture
Study,"
December1993. Thisresearch carried from
Industry
teamswith$15
1989 to May 1993 underthe supervision two U.S. and Japanese
of
(SDIO) funds four
for
years.
million Strategic
of
DefenseInitiatives
Organization
" Redefining U.S.-Japan
the
Alliance,"Institute
8. Patrick Cronin
M.
and MichaelJ.Green,
McNairpaperno. 31, November
forNationalStrategic
Studies,
NationalDefenseUniversity,
1994,p. 12.
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