Man and Mystery v16 Phenomenon by Pablo C Agsalud Jr Rev 06.pdf

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A collection of intriguing topics and fascinating stories

about the rare, the paranormal, and the strange

Phenomenon

Volume 16

Discover nature’s weirdest and longest-lived creatures.

Jump into the world of lost civilizations and extinct animal kingdom.

Discover mysterious places and bizarre natural phenomenon.

Pablo C. Agsalud Jr.

Revision 6

Foreword

In the past, things like

television,

and words and

ideas like

advertising, capitalism, microwave

and

cancer

all seemed too strange for the ordinary

man.

As man walks towards the future, overloaded with

information, more mysteries have been solved

through the wonders of science. Although some

things remained too odd for science to reproduce

or disprove, man had placed them in the gray

areas between

truth

and

skepticism

and labeled

them with terminologies fit for the modern age.

But the truth is, as long as the strange and

unexplainable cases keep piling up, the more likely

it would seem normal or natural. Answers are

always elusive and far too fewer than questions.

And yet, behind all the wonderful and frightening

phenomena around us, it is possible that what we

call

mysterious

today won’t be too strange

tomorrow.

This book might encourage you to believe or refute

what lies beyond your own understanding.

Nonetheless, I hope it will keep you entertained

and astonished.

The content of this book remains believable for as

long as the sources and/or the references from the

specified sources exist and that the validity of the

information remains unchallenged.

Mysterious Natural Phenomenon

The following pages contain some of the most intriguing natural

phenomenon that has been observed in some parts of the globe.

Aurora

Wikipedia.org

An aurora (plural: auroras or aurorae) is a

natural light display in the sky particularly in

the high latitude (Arctic and Antarctic)

regions, caused by the collision of energetic

charged particles with atoms in the high

altitude atmosphere (thermosphere). The

charged

particles

originate

the

magnetosphere and solar wind and are

directed by the Earth's magnetic field into the

atmosphere. Aurora is classified as diffuse or

discrete aurora. Most aurorae occur in a band

known as the auroral zone which is typically

3° to 6° in latitudinal extent and at all local

times or longitudes. The auroral zone is typically 10° to 20° from the magnetic pole defined by

the axis of the Earth's magnetic dipole. During a geomagnetic storm, the auroral zone will

expand to lower latitudes. The diffuse aurora is a featureless glow in the sky which may not be

visible to the naked eye even on a dark night and defines the extent of the auroral zone. The

discrete aurora are sharply defined features within the diffuse aurora which vary in brightness

from just barely visible to the naked eye to bright enough to read a newspaper at night.

Discrete aurorae are usually observed only in the night sky because they are not as bright as

the sunlit sky. Aurorae occur occasionally poleward of the auroral zone as diffuse patches or

arcs (polar cap arcs) which are generally invisible to the naked eye.

In northern latitudes, the effect is known as the

aurora borealis

(or the

northern lights),

named after the Roman goddess of dawn, Aurora, and the Greek name for the north wind,

Boreas, by Pierre Gassendi in 1621. Auroras seen near the magnetic pole may be high

overhead, but from farther away, they illuminate the northern horizon as a greenish glow or

sometimes a faint red, as if the Sun were rising from an unusual direction. Discrete aurorae

often display magnetic field lines or curtain-like structures, and can change within seconds or

glow unchanging for hours, most often in fluorescent green. The aurora borealis most often

occurs near the equinoxes. The northern lights have had a number of names throughout

history. The Cree call this phenomenon the "Dance of the Spirits". In Europe, in the Middle

Ages, the auroras were commonly believed a sign from God (see Wilfried Schröder, Das

Phänomen des Polarlichts, Darmstadt 1984).

Its southern counterpart, the

aurora australis

(or the

southern lights),

has almost identical

features to the aurora borealis and changes simultaneously with changes in the northern

auroral zone and is visible from high southern latitudes in Antarctica, South America and

Australia.

Aurorae occur on other planets. Similar to the Earth's aurora, they are visible close to the

planet's magnetic poles.

Modern style guides recommend that the names of meteorological phenomena, such as aurora

borealis, be uncapitalized.

Auroral mechanism

Auroras are result from emissions of photons in the Earth's upper atmosphere, above 80 km

(50 mi), from ionized nitrogen atoms regaining an electron, and oxygen and nitrogen atoms

returning from an excited state to ground state. They are ionized or excited by the collision of

solar wind and magnetospheric particles being funneled down and accelerated along the

Earth's magnetic field lines; excitation energy is lost by the emission of a photon of light, or by

collision with another atom or molecule:



oxygen emissions

Green or brownish-red, depending on the amount of energy absorbed.



nitrogen emissions

Blue or red. Blue if the atom regains an electron after it has been ionized. Red if

returning to ground state from an excited state.

Oxygen is unusual in terms of its return to ground state: it can take three quarters of a second

to emit green light and up to two minutes to emit red. Collisions with other atoms or

molecules will absorb the excitation energy and prevent emission. Because the very top of the

atmosphere has a higher percentage of oxygen and is sparsely distributed such collisions are

rare enough to allow time for oxygen to emit red. Collisions become more frequent

progressing down into the atmosphere, so that red emissions do not have time to happen, and

eventually even green light emissions are prevented.

This is why there is a colour differential with altitude; at high altitude oxygen red dominates,

then oxygen green and nitrogen blue/red, then finally nitrogen blue/red when collisions

prevent oxygen from emitting anything. Green is the most common of all auroras. Behind it is

pink, a mixture of light green and red, followed by pure red, yellow (a mixture of red and

green), and lastly pure blue.

Auroras are associated with the solar wind, a flow of ions continuously flowing outward from

the Sun. The Earth's magnetic field traps these particles, many of which travel toward the

poles where they are accelerated toward Earth. Collisions between these ions and atmospheric

atoms and molecules cause energy releases in the form of auroras appearing in large circles

around the poles. Auroras are more frequent and brighter during the intense phase of the

solar cycle when coronal mass ejections increase the intensity of the solar wind.

Man and Mystery v16 Phenomenon by Pablo C Agsalud Jr Rev 06.pdf

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