Science - August 15 2014.pdf

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CONTENTS
1 5 AU G U S T 2 0 1 4 • V O LU M E 3 4 5 • I S S U E 6 1 9 8
INTRODUCTION
733 & 785
Transgenerational effects
of prenatal undernutrition
SPECIAL SECTION
742
A legacy that transcends genes
NEWS
765
Neural control of maternal and
paternal behaviors
C. Dulac
et al.
771
The biology of mammalian parenting
and its effect on offspring social
development
J. K. Rilling and L. J. Young
776
The evolution of flexible parenting
N. J. Royle
et al.
Parenting
744
Unsettled questions trail IVF’s
success
By K. Servick
747
Nature’s first functional food
By T. Gura
750
The taste of things to come
By E. Underwood
752
An experiment in zero parenting
By E. Marshall
OPINION
ON THE COVER
Babies are produced
by contributions from
both parents. More and
more we are beginning
to realize that such
contributions go well
beyond mere genes, with
nurture, environment,
and even the parents’
own physiology and experiences shaping off-
spring and their preparedness for life ahead.
See page 742.
Photo: © imageBROKER/Alamy
▶
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
RESEARCH ARTICLE BY R. DIAO
ET AL.
755
Maternal mental illness
By K. B. Kozhimannil and H. Kim
REVIEWS
756
Parenting from before conception
M. Lane
et al.
750
SEE ALSO
▶
PERSPECTIVE P. 733
▶
PODCAST
760
Preterm labor: One syndrome,
many causes
R. Romero
et al.
▶
RESEARCH ARTICLE P. 785
▶
sciencemag.org/special/parenting
NEWS
IN BRIEF
FEATURES
730
LETTING GO OF MUCUS
Defective release of mucus from airway
glands is present at birth in cystic
fibrosis
By J. J. Wine
▶
REPORT P. 818
AFGHANISTAN: PERIL AND PROMISE
As foreign troops head home,
researchers assess the toll and size up
the country’s future prospects
722
The rising toll
Newly released data reveal mounting
civilian casualties
By J. Bohannon
716
Roundup of the week’s news
IN DEPTH
732
SELF-ASSEMBLED RNA
NANOSTRUCTURES
RNA structures have been designed
that self-assemble and are programmable
and scalable
By N. B. Leontis and E. Westhof
▶
REPORT P. 799
718
DEBATE ERUPTS ON ‘REPURPOSED’
DRUGS FOR EBOLA
With experimental treatments in
short supply, some researchers think
existing medicines might help stem
the epidemic
By M. Enserink
725
Mother of all lodes
The United States is putting scientific
boots on the ground in Afghanistan
to assess its mineral riches
By R. Stone
▶
EDITORIAL P. 715
733
YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT, BUT WHAT
ABOUT YOUR DNA?
Parental nutrition influences the health
of subsequent generations through
epigenetic changes in germ cells
By M. Susiarjo and M. S. Bartolomei
▶
PARENTING SECTION P. 742; RESEARCH
ARTICLE P. 785
719
FIRING OF LOS ALAMOS RESEARCHER
DRAWS CRITICISM
Officials claim paper that challenged
the doctrine of nuclear deterrence
contained classified information
By J. Mervis
INSIGHTS
PERSPECTIVES
720
A BOOM IN BOOMLESS SEISMOLOGY
Densely packed sensors use Earth’s
background noise to image fine details
of the crust
By E. Hand
7 12
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728
TECHNOLOGY’S LIMITED ROLE IN
RESOLVING DEBATES OVER DIGITAL
SURVEILLANCE
Teasing apart technical issues from
social and political issues
By H. Lin
734
REPLACE CONTAMINATION,
NOT THE PIPES
Rethinking water treatment additives
can have synergistic benefits for urban
water management systems
By W. Rauch and M. Kleidorfer
▶
REPORT P. 812
sciencemag.org
SCIENCE
Published by AAAS
738
738
3
Multit
udi
titudi
udinou
Multitudinous
micro
co
microsco
microscopic life
732 & 799
Building hexagonal lattices
from RNA strands
736
ONE STEP CLOSER TO O
2
O
A crucial step in photosynthesis
is becoming clearer
By R. D. Britt and P. H. Oyala
▶
REPORT P. 804
RESEARCH
IN BRIEF
812
WATER ENGINEERING
Reducing sewer corrosion through
integrated urban water management
I. Pikaar
et al.
▶
PERSPECTIVE P. 734
BOOKS
ET AL.
782
From
Science
and other journals
RESEARCH ARTICLES
814
PLACE CELLS
Large environments reveal the
statistical structure governing
hippocampal representations
P. D. Rich
et al.
737
WALDEN WARMING
By R. B. Primack,
reviewed by A. C. Schneider
785
IN UTERO EFFECTS
In utero undernourishment perturbs
the adult sperm methylome and
intergenerational metabolism
E. J. Radford
et al.
RESEARCH ARTICLE SUMMARY; FOR FULL TEXT:
dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1255903
▶
PERSPECTIVE P. 733; PARENTING SECTION P. 742
738
THE AMOEBA IN THE ROOM
By N. P. Money, reviewed by M. Shen
LETTERS
818
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Impaired mucus detachment
disrupts mucociliary transport in
a piglet model of cystic fibrosis
M. J. Hoegger
et al.
▶
PERSPECTIVE P. 730
739
HIV COVER ILL-ADVISED
By R. Diamond
739
RESPONSE
By M. McNutt
786
INTERSTELLAR DUST
Evidence for interstellar origin of seven
dust particles collected by the Stardust
spacecraft
A. J. Westphal
et al.
REPORTS
822
CELL REPROGRAMMING
Histone chaperone ASF1A is required
for maintenance of pluripotency and
cellular reprogramming
E. Gonzalez-Muñoz
et al.
739
CLIMATE CHANGE: TIME TO NAVIGATE
By G. H. Rau
739
FOSSIL FUELS’ FUTURE
By B. Mackey and D. Lindenmayer
791
INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM
Pseudo–three-dimensional maps of
the diffuse interstellar band at 862 nm
J. Kos
et al.
826
TRANSDIFFERENTIATION
Sequential histone-modifying
activities determine the robustness
of transdifferentiation
S. Zuryn
et al.
740
SHARING IDEAS TOO SOON
By P. de Souto Barreto
740
OUTSIDE THE TOWER: KIDS’
QUESTIONS TRANSCEND CONFLICT
By L. Perié
et al.
795
ROBOTICS
Programmable self-assembly in
a thousand-robot swarm
M. Rubenstein
et al.
829
SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY
Programmable on-chip DNA
compartments as artificial cells
E. Karzbrun
et al.
799
RNA NANOSTRUCTURES
730 & 818
A single-stranded architecture for
cotranscriptional folding of RNA
nanostructures
C. Geary
et al.
▶
PERSPECTIVE P. 732
DEPARTMENTS
715
EDITORIAL
Science for lasting peace
By Marcia McNutt
▶
NEWS STORY P. 725
804
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Electronic structure of the oxygen-
evolving complex in photosystem II
prior to O-O bond formation
N. Cox
et al.
▶
PERSPECTIVE P. 736
842
WORKING LIFE
Outside my comfort zone
By Blaise J. Arena
Science
Staff .............................................. 714
New Products ............................................ 833
Science
Careers ........................................ 834
808
PLANT SCIENCE
PHOTO: (BOTTOM LEFT) MICHAEL J. WELSH
Genomic-scale exchange of mRNA
between a parasitic plant and its
hosts
G. Kim
et al.
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SCIENCE
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15 AUGUST 2014 • VOL 345 ISSUE 6198
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Published by AAAS
E D I TORIAL
Science for lasting peace
T
PHOTOS: (INSET) MATTHEW C. RAINS/MCT VIA GETTY IMAGES; (RIGHT) STACEY PENTLAND PHOTOGRAPHY
homas Barnett, a U.S. military geostrategist,
has argued that we have leviathan armies that
quickly win wars, only to lose the peace. To
change that outcome, stability must be estab-
lished by rebuilding the infrastructure, institu-
tions, and economy of a war-torn nation. An
outstanding example of science applied to na-
tion rebuilding is the hyperspectral survey of Afghani-
stan by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 2007.
This survey quantified 24 world-class mineral deposits
(including iron, cobalt, gold, copper, and rare earth el-
ements), positioning Afghanistan to become a major
supplier of minerals (see
the News story on p. 725),
most of which are in de-
Copper deposits in
mand for the manufacture
Afghanistan
of cell phones, comput-
ers, and renewable energy
technologies.
Soviet-era geologic re-
ports on Afghanistan hinted
at a nation as rich in min-
erals as Saudi Arabia is in
petroleum. However, in
such rugged terrain with
few roads, approximately
25 years of boots-on-the-
ground fieldwork would be
required to bring the maps
up to the standards neces-
sary for resource develop-
ment. Furthermore, the
safety of mapping parties
was a concern. The USGS
suggested instead to survey
from the air using remote
sensing. Spectacular results
were achieved from a hy-
perspectral survey that uses
the spectrum of reflected
sunlight to identify economically important mineral
assemblages. Over 70% of the country was mapped in
just 2 months, avoiding only regions close to the bor-
der with neighbors.
Data collection was just the start. The Afghan Geo-
logical Survey (AGS) was an empty shell of a build-
ing. The USGS set about rebuilding the AGS, teaching
staff and students modern techniques such as remote
sensing, digital data processing, and geophysical tech-
niques through distance-learning methods. With this
mentoring, the first woman Afghan scientist joined the
“…the USGS and…AGS…
[converted] the information to
‘treasure maps’ for what…might
be a trillion-dollar payday for
Afghanistan.”
ranks of the AGS employees. Together, the USGS and
the reconstituted AGS interpreted the hyperspectral
data and verified the discoveries with ground truth,
converting the information to “treasure maps” for
what eventually might be a trillion-dollar payday for
Afghanistan.
Other resource-rich countries, such as Botswana,
Chile, and Norway, provide good models for Afghani-
stan to emulate in order to avoid the social unrest, graft,
corruption, and environmental degradation that can
often accompany natural resource development. Im-
portant factors contributing to peace, prosperity, and
improved quality of life are
equitable redistribution of
revenues; strong public in-
stitutions; and investment
in local capacity-building,
environmental
planning,
and transparency.
As director of the USGS
in the summer of 2012, I
presented to Ambassador
Eklil Hakimi at the Afghan
Embassy the two newly cre-
ated hyperspectral mineral
maps for his nation. At that
point, there were innumer-
able challenges ahead in
transforming those maps
into jobs and economic de-
velopment: from the lack of
a single functioning cement
plant in the entire country to
the need for modern mining
law. The ambassador, how-
ever, believed that the prom-
ise of future mines would
attract immediate foreign
investment in transporta-
tion, telecommunications,
manufacturing, education, scientific institutions, and
human resources, propelling a largely agrarian nation
into the 21st century. In actual fact, it is the investment
in education, scientific institutions, and human resources
that sustains a nation’s economy long after nonrenew-
able natural resources are depleted. The leaders of
Afghanistan will have many important decisions to make
in the coming years and decades. Science has opened the
door to a new, more prosperous future. May they use this
opportunity wisely.
– Marcia McNutt
Marcia McNutt is
Editor-in-Chief of
Science.
10.1126/science.1259611
SCIENCE
sciencemag.org
15 AUGUST 2014 • VOL 345 ISSUE 6198
715
Published by AAAS
NEWS
IN BRIEF
The international community was comfortable
in allowing two relief agencies to provide all of the clinical
care for the Ebola victims in three countries.
“
Ken Isaacs
of Samaritan’s Purse, one of those agencies, criticizing the response to the Ebola
threat at a House of Representatives subcommittee hearing on 7 August.
”
AROUND THE WORLD
Patent or perish?
Comet chaser arrives at quarry
Rosetta’s view of comet
67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
on 3 August.
http://scim.ag/Ausminpatents
India bans dissections
BANGALORE, INDIA
|
A campaign to bar
R
7 16
osetta has finally met its cometary match. Last week, after a
10-year journey, the European Space Agency’s spacecraft arrived
at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, a lopsided, bilobed
lump of dust and ice sometimes likened to a 4-kilometer-long
rubber duckie. The duo will now take a lap around the sun, and
Rosetta will watch as the comet heats up and releases ice in a
halo of gas and dust (Science, 1 August, p. 502). The spacecraft is now
flying triangles in front of the comet, staying 100 kilometers away; in
several weeks, Rosetta will settle into a 30-kilometer orbit around the
comet. Mission scientists are gearing up to map the comet’s surface in
hopes of finding a smooth area on which to drop Philae, a lander the
size of a washing machine, this November. To help it stick the landing
in the comet’s feeble gravity field, Philae will use two harpoons. Then,
it will drill into the comet to gather surface material for analysis.
dissections in India’s university classes has
scored a major victory. India’s University
Grants Commission, which sets India’s stan-
dards for university education, has banned
the dissection of animals in zoology and life
science university courses. That follows a
India’s Western
Ghats bullfrog.
15 AUGUST 2014 • VOL 345 ISSUE 6198
sciencemag.org
SCIENCE
Published by AAAS
PHOTOS: (LEFT TO RIGHT) ESA/ROSETTA/MPS FOR OSIRIS TEAM MPS/UPD/LAM/IAA/SSO/INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA; AJITH U/FLICKR
|
A suggestion
by Australia Minister for Industry Ian
Macfarlane that the government may con-
sider tying science funding for universities
to the number of patents they generate
has drawn sharp criticism. “We need to
ensure that commercialisation of [intel-
lectual property] … is part of the process
of giving taxpayers’ money to researchers,”
Macfarlane said in a 6 August speech,
according to a transcript by the Australian
Broadcasting Corporation. Political oppo-
nents and researchers decried the idea,
saying it could shift funding from basic
research, particularly in areas with no
obvious potential for commercialization.
A focus on patents could create “perverse
incentives,” Aidan Byrne, chief of the
Australian Research Council, told
The Australian.
But several commenta-
tors note that Macfarlane’s ministry
may have little impact on university
research funding policy, which is
primarily the responsibility of the
education ministry.
BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA

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