Science - May 30 2014.pdf

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CONTENTS
3 0 M AY 2 0 1 4 • V O LU M E 3 4 4 • I S S U E 6 1 8 7
976 & 988
Calculated valence spin
density of a cobalt atom
NEWS
IN BRIEF
INSIGHTS
967
976
HITTING THE LIMIT OF MAGNETIC
ANISOTROPY
Enhancing the magnetic properties
of adatoms provides a route toward
atom-scale memory
By A. A. Khajetoorians and J. Wiebe
▶
RESEARCH ARTICLE P. 988
950
Roundup of the week’s news
IN DEPTH
953
TIANANMEN’S BITTER LEGACY
The bloody crackdown 25 years ago left
an indelible mark on China’s research
culture
By M. Hvistendahl
▶
SCIENCE
PODCAST
BOOKS
ET AL.
978
FOUR FIELDS
By T. Dee, reviewed by S. Knapp
980
THE PERFECT 46
B. R. Bonowicz, director,
reviewed by D. Greenbaum
LETTERS
PERSPECTIVES
954
BRAIN PROJECT MEETS PHYSICS
Physicists provide a reality check for
brain mappers
By E. Underwood
955
PLAN TO INTERNATIONALIZE U.S.
PROJECT MAY FACE HEADWIND
Washington may be reluctant to share
physics facility on U.S. soil
By A. Cho
981
RETRACTION
By M. McNutt
967
TARGET SMALL FIRMS FOR ANTIBIOTIC
INNOVATION
Once in clinical trials, antibiotics are
more likely to survive than drugs in
other classes
By T. J. Hwang
et al.
981
KILLER KIDNEY DISEASE COMMON
IN SRI LANKA
By M. C. M. Iqbal and C. B. Dissanayake
957
PSYCHOLOGIST’S DEFENSE
CHALLENGED
E-mails counter claimed location,
timing of studies
By F. van Kolfschooten
969
MAPPING BOND ORIENTATIONS
WITH POLARIZED X-RAYS
Regions of bond order and disorder are
revealed
By S. Lidin
▶
REPORT P. 1013
981
INTOLERANCE EXTENDS BEYOND
CARNIVORES
By K. J. Hockings
et al.
959
WHERE’S FRANCE CÓRDOVA?
IN THE WASHINGTON HOT SEAT
New NSF director jumps into the frying
pan served up by Congress
By J. Mervis
981
TECHNICAL COMMENT ABSTRACTS
DEPARTMENTS
970
CLUES FROM THE RESILIENT
Genetic information from individuals
who do not succumb to disease may point
to new therapies and ideas about wellness
By S. H. Friend and E. E. Schadt
960
VIEWS OF SCIENCE CLASH IN
DEBATE OVER NSF BILL
Push for closer oversight of agency
alarms university and science groups
By J. Mervis
FEATURES
947
EDITORIAL
The hunt for MH370
By Marcia McNutt
▶
NEWS STORY P. 963
972
A BACTERIAL SEEK-AND-DESTROY
SYSTEM FOR FOREIGN DNA
Bacterial argonaute proteins defend the
cell against exogenous DNA
By J. Vogel
1054
WORKING LIFE
Winter is coming
By Christina Reed
963
LOST AT SEA
As the hunt for the missing Malaysian
jet grows more challenging, authorities
are pondering how to avert future
aviation vanishing acts
By D. Normile
ILLUSTRATION: (BOTTOM RIGHT) MARC ROSENTHAL
974
HOW SULFUR BEATS IRON
Iron-reducing bacteria switch to sulfur
reduction as their main energy source
in alkaline environments
By M. W. Friedrich and K. W. Finster
▶
REPORT P. 1039
1054
▶EDITORIAL
P. 947
975
MANAGING THE SIDE EFFECTS
OF INVASION CONTROL
Efforts to control invasive species must
be adapted to avoid unintended damage
to native species and ecosystems
By Y. M. Buckley and Y. Han
947 & 963
SCIENCE
sciencemag.org
▶
REPORT P. 1028
Science
Staff ............................................. 944
AAAS News & Notes ................................. 982
New Products ...........................................1048
Science
Careers .......................................1049
30 MAY 2014 • VOL 344 ISSUE 6187
941
Published by AAAS
CONTENTS
3 0 M AY 2 0 1 4 • V O LU M E 3 4 4 • I S S U E 6 1 8 7
969 & 1013
Orientation of bromoadamantane
in x-ray imaging
RESEARCH
IN BRIEF
1001
SOLAR CELLS
Coherent ultrafast charge transfer
in an organic photovoltaic blend
S. M. Falke
et al.
1028
CONSERVATION ECOLOGY
Optimal approaches for balancing
invasive species eradication and
endangered species management
A. Lampert
et al.
▶
PERSPECTIVE P. 975
984
From
Science
and other journals
REVIEW
1005
WATER SPLITTING
Amorphous TiO
2
coatings stabilize
Si, GaAs, and GaP photoanodes for
efficient water oxidation
S. Hu
et al.
1031
CELLULAR DYNAMICS
High-resolution mapping of
intracellular fluctuations using
carbon nanotubes
N. Fakhri
et al.
987
BIODIVERSITY STATUS
The biodiversity of species and their rates
of extinction, distribution, and protection
S. L. Pimm et al.
REVIEW SUMMARY; FOR FULL TEXT:
HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.1126/SCIENCE.1246752
1009
WATER STRUCTURE
Vibrational spectral signature of the
proton defect in the three-dimensional
H
+
(H
2
O)
21
cluster
J. A. Fournier
et al.
1035
STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY
Structures of PI4KIIIβ complexes show
simultaneous recruitment of Rab11 and
its effectors
J. E. Burke
et al.
1001
1013
IMAGING TECHNIQUES
X-ray birefringence imaging
B. A. Palmer
et al.
▶
PERSPECTIVE P. 969
1039
SUBSURFACE MICROBES
Sulfur-mediated electron shuttling
during bacterial iron reduction
T. M. Flynn
et al.
▶
PERSPECTIVE P. 974
1016
MARINE BIOGEOGRAPHY
Quaternary coral reef refugia preserved
fish diversity
L. Pellissier
et al.
1042
TRANSCRIPTION
A pause sequence enriched at
translation start sites drives
transcription dynamics in vivo
M. H. Larson
et al.
1020
NEURAL DEVELOPMENT
Retrograde semaphorin signaling
regulates synapse elimination in the
developing mouse brain
N. Uesaka
et al.
RESEARCH ARTICLES
988
MOLECULAR MAGNETISM
Reaching the magnetic anisotropy limit
of a 3d metal atom
I. G. Rau
et al.
▶
PERSPECTIVE P. 976
1023
SYNAPSES
Composition of isolated synaptic
boutons reveals the amounts of
vesicle trafficking proteins
B. G. Wilhelm
et al.
ON THE COVER
A realistic, molecular-
scale view of a synapse,
showing a few hundred
thousand proteins. The
synapse organization
was measured by a
combination of electron
microscopy, quantita-
tive biochemistry, and
super-resolution microscopy. This three-
dimensional computational model now
enables a quantitative understanding of
synaptic processes. See page 1023.
Image:
Burkhard Rammner/Rizzoli Laboratory,
University of GÖttingen Medical Center
PHOTO: (BOTTOM) MASANOBU KANO
992
ION CHANNEL STRUCTURE
Crystal structure of a heterotetrameric
NMDA receptor ion channel
E. Karakas and M. Furakawa
REPORTS
1020
998
CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT
Labor market returns to an early
childhood stimulation intervention
in Jamaica
P. Gertler
et al.
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942
30 MAY 2014 • VOL 344 ISSUE 6187
sciencemag.org
SCIENCE
Published by AAAS
EDITORIAL
The hunt for MH370
I
PHOTO: STACEY PENTLAND PHOTOGRAPHY; (INSET) AFP/GETTY IMAGES
n a world that is increasingly connected, that grows
smaller every day, and where so many human ac-
tions are exposed to prying eyes, it seems almost
incomprehensible that the world’s largest twinjet
aircraft, with 239 passengers and crew, could vanish
for more than 2 months. Determining the crash site
of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (MH370) has become
a scientific detective story, emerging through a combi-
nation of scientific technologies used to address prob-
lems for which they were never designed. The search
for MH370 illustrates a humanitarian dividend from
past investments in science as searchers attempt to
bring closure to the families and friends of the victims
of the tragedy.
MH370 went incommu-
nicado on 8 March 2014. A
single Inmarsat satellite ex-
changed six brief messages
with the MH370 Aircraft
Communications Address-
ing and Reporting System.
Oceanographers and other
mariners have relied on In-
marsat’s system of geosta-
tionary telecommunications
satellites in remote parts
of the world’s oceans for
data and voice communica-
tion. Significantly, it is not a
navigation system. From the
Doppler effect, engineers
calculated the plane’s veloc-
ity relative to the satellite at
each time interval, and the
delay in the return signal
gave them the distance of the aircraft from the satel-
lite. The Doppler was key in choosing the southern over
the northern route. Using additional information on the
plane’s range, they then triangulated to estimate the
likely crash site to within 160 km (100 miles). This was
the first-ever use of Inmarsat in this mode.
The search area is a remote part of the Indian Ocean.
Planes searched for wreckage with no success; ships
listened for pings as time ran out on the 30-day batter-
ies sustaining the black boxes. Some promising signals
were detected, but the area still to be searched is largely
unexplored. The survey tool of choice was a Bluefin-21
autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). Bluefin Robot-
ics was spun out of the Massachusetts Institute of Tech-
nology’s Sea Grant Lab. The Bluefin-21 vehicle inherited
its distinct construction, gimbal-ducted propeller,
*www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=96017&tid=3622&cid=96189&c=2.
“We should use better
technology to track what is too
valuable to lose.”
mission-control software, and side-scan sonar payload
from roots in academic research. Its deep-sea rating
that enabled the MH370 response was initially driven
by academic applications. The best available bathymetry
to help the AUV avoid crashing into rough terrain as it
scanned for the debris field of MH370 was assembled
from a combination of very sparse ship sonar and satel-
lite altimetry. Satellite altimeters, first launched nearly
40 years earlier to map the ocean surface, produced
better maps of the seafloor than were available from
shipboard echo-soundings alone, by using small-scale
features in the marine geoid to estimate the shape of the
seafloor. Scientists had been using these maps to better
understand Earth beneath
the ocean; now the map
A New Zealand
would help guide the AUV
military plane
in a search area still nee-
searches for debris.
dle-in-a-haystack large and
more than 4000 m deep.
As of this writing, the
search continues. In April
2011, a team from the
Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution found the debris
field from Air France Flight
447, which had crashed
into the Atlantic Ocean 2
years before, after a week of
searching with similar AUV
technology,* bringing reso-
lution to the families of the
victims. Finding the black
boxes is vital to avoiding
similar incidents happening
again. We hope for the same
outcome for the MH370 search. But it took 2 years to
narrow the search to the right part of the Atlantic. In
both cases, the response could have been improved by
filling known gaps in scientific understanding (see the
News story on p. 963). For example, the resolution of
the satellite-derived map guiding the Bluefin-21 is ±250
m vertical and 15 km horizontal. Relative to the plane’s
dimensions, the unknowns are serious. For comparison,
the resolution of features on Mars is ±1 m vertical and
1 km horizontal. And knowing where to look saves pre-
cious time, whether one seeks a plane full of passengers
or a truck full of Nigerian schoolgirls. We should use
better technology to track what is too valuable to lose.
– Marcia McNutt
10.1126/science.1255963
SCIENCE
sciencemag.org
30 May 2014 • VOL 344 Issue 6187
Published by AAAS
947
Downloaded from
www.sciencemag.org
on May 30, 2014
Marcia McNutt is
Editor-in-Chief of
Science.
NEWS
IN BRIEF
Using vaccinators for these purposes is the moral
equivalent of running guns in Red Cross ambulances—and the
world rejected that many many years ago.
“
Stefano Bertozzi,
dean of public health at the University of California, Berkeley, responding
to a White House vow that the CIA will stop using vaccination programs as cover for spying.
”
AROUND THE WORLD
Less review for gene therapy
Toxic toad invades Madagascar
The Asian common toad has appeared in the island nation, threatening native fauna.
Institut Pasteur under fire
|
Contrary to press stories last week,
the Institut Pasteur has not been closed or
ordered to halt its research, says Pasteur
Director-General Christian Bréchot. But
Pasteur is struggling with a public rela-
tions fiasco, after the discovery earlier this
year that it can’t account for 2349 vials
containing samples from the 2003 SARS
outbreak. An independent panel found no
risk to public health, but the issue led to
three investigations and questions about
the institute’s safety procedures. On 21 May,
the website Mediapart published fragments
PA R I S
Institut Pasteur was investigated after SARS virus
samples went missing this year.
sciencemag.org
SCIENCE
950
30 MAY 2014 • VOL 344 ISSUE 6187
Published by AAAS
PHOTOS: (TOP TO BOTTOM) JONATHAN KOLBY; LUCA BORGHI/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS
T
he imperiled fauna of Madagascar may face a deadly new
threat—a highly toxic toad. In late March, Jonathan Kolby
of James Cook University, Townsville, in Australia and other
researchers caught six Asian common toads (Duttaphrynus
melanostictus)
near the seaport of Toamasina. The species is
common in Southeast Asia, spread to Bali in 1958, and has
since invaded other parts of Indonesia. The toads appear to be harm-
ing native wildlife in East Timor, like their relative the cane toad has
done in Australia. The Asian toad has deadly chemical defenses simi-
lar to the cane toad. Because there are no native toads in Madagascar,
predators such as mongooses, lemurs, and more than 50 species of
snakes are at risk of poisoning. The voracious, fertile toad could also
compete with native frogs for food. “This is the worst thing I’ve seen
come along in a while,” says Fred Kraus of the Bishop Museum in
Honolulu. “It makes one’s blood chilled.” Writing in a letter to
Nature
this week, Kolby, Kraus, and 10 colleagues call for urgent eradication.
Researchers are scouting around Toamasina to see how far the toad
may have spread. “We hope that we’ve found it soon enough,” Kolby
says. “If it hasn’t spread that far yet, then we’ve got hope.”
Downloaded from
www.sciencemag.org
on May 30, 2014
|
The National
Institutes of Health (NIH) will no longer
subject all proposed gene therapy clinical
trials to review by the Recombinant DNA
Advisory Committee (RAC), which has
reviewed them since the late 1980s. As the
field has matured, using gene therapy to
treat several disorders, researchers argued
that RAC review is redundant because gene
therapy protocols are already reviewed by
institutional ethics and biosafety boards and
the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. In
December 2013, an Institute of Medicine
(IOM) panel agreed, recommending that
NIH should continue to register trials but
the RAC only needs to review protocols
not evaluated by standard oversight bodies
and that pose unusual risks—for example,
ones that use a new vector. Last week, NIH
Director Francis Collins announced that
NIH has accepted these IOM recommenda-
tions.
http://scim.ag/genether
B E T H E S DA , M A RY L A N D

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