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SEOUL CITY WALL
GUIDE BOOK
Link to the
Home Page
Link to the
Mobile Application
City Wall
Seoul
Things to Remember when Visiting Seoul City Wall
•
eoul City Wall is a precious cultural heritage that harmonizes nature and humanity, tradition and modernity.
S
•Many
cultural heritage sites are located around the Seoul City Wall.
Visitors are sure enjoy their outings even more if they visit these additional attractions
•The
natural environment of the four inner mountains is also a valuable heritage.
It is prohibited to take or use any inflammable materials in these mountains.
•Please
show consideration for the inhabitants of the nearby residential areas.
•As
there are no parking lots near the Seoul City Wall, please use public transport.
ISBN 979-11-5621-190-7
Contents
What is Seoul City Wall?
04
The Seoul City Wall
06
Embracing History
08
Cradling the Life
10
Looking forward to the future
12
Beautiful Seoul City Wall
14
Complete Map of Seoul City Wall
Seoul City Wall Hiking Trails
16
Baegak Mountain Trails
18
Baegak Trail 1 : Changuimun Gate
Baegak Gokseong
20
Baegak Trail 2 : Baegak Gokseong
Waryong Park
22
Baegak Trail 3 : Waryong Park
Hyehwamun Gate
24
Naksan Mountain /
Heunginjimun Gate Trails
26
Naksan Trail 1: Hyehwamun Naksan Park Cultural Plaza
28
Naksan Trail 2: Naksan Park Cultural Plaza
Heunginjimun Gate
30
Heunginjimun Trail: Heunginjimun
Jangchung Gymnasium
32
Namsan
(Mongmyeoksan)
Mountain /
Sungnyemun
(Namdaemun)
Gate Trail
34
Namsan
(Mongmyeoksan)
Trail 1 : Jangchung Gymnasium Namsan Park Bus Stop
36
Namsan
(Mongmyeoksan)
Trail 2 : Namsan Park Bus Stop
Baekbeom Square
38
Sungnyemun
(Namdaemun)
Trail : Baekbeom Square
Site of Donuimun Gate
40
Inwangsan Mountain Trails
42
Inwangsan Trail 1 : Site of Donuimun Inwangsan Gokseong
44
Inwangsan Trail 2 : Inwangsan Gokseong
Changuimun
Information on Seoul City Wall
46
Seoul City Wall in Old Paintings and Pictures
48
Tourist Attractions around Seoul City Wall accessible by Subway
This is a part of a 19th-century folding screen that depicts the former site of the Gyeonggi Provincial
Governor’s Office. It is part of the Leeum Samsung Museum of Art Collection. The painting clearly
depicts Seoul City Wall, which extends across the Inwangsan Ridge from Donuimun Gate. Today a
stone post at the entrance to the Seoul Red Cross Hospital marks the site of the Gyeonggi Provincial
Governor’s Office.
49
Organizations related to Seoul City Wall
50
Tourist Attractions around Seoul City Wall
02
03
1
Seoul
City Wall
[Historic Site No. 10]
N
Sukjeongmun
Gate
What is
Seoul
City Wall?
The wall, which follows the ridges of Baegak(Bugaksan), Naksan( Naktasan), Namsan(Mongmyeoksan) , and Inwangsan,
the four main mountains surrounding the center of Seoul, has been rebuilt several times since its initial construction in 1396. The
wall measures between 5 and 8m high and is 18.6km long, and it served as city wall for the longest time among the existing walls
in the world.
Seoul City Wall has four main gates and four auxiliary gates. The main gates are Heunginjimun, Donuimun, Sungnyemun
and Sukjeongmun, while the auxiliary gates are Hyehwamun, Souimun, Gwanghuimun and Changuimun. In addition, the five-arch
flood gate and two-arch floodgate to the south of Heunginjimun were built to transport water from Cheonggyecheon Stream to
outside the wall.
Changuimun
Gate
Hyehwamun
Gate
Heunginjimun
Gate
Site of
W
Donuimun Gate
E
Site of
Souimun Gate
Sungnyemun
(Namdaemun)
Gate
Gwanghuimun
Gate
S
*Panoramic View of the Baegak Mountain Walking Trail by Seoul City Wall
04
05
1
Embracing
History
What is
Seoul
City Wall?
Korean history is engraved in Seoul City Wall.
The wall preserves a succession of building
technics and structure developed by the Korean people from the Three Kingdoms period onwards. It also shows
the whole process of building-technic development during Joseon.
Seoul City Wall was originally built about 620 years ago.
The actual construction work continued
for 98 days, half in the winter and half in the summer of 1394. Some 197,400 people were mobilized for the
construction of the wall, which was divided into 97 sections of around 600 feet. The sections were named in the
order of the characters in the Thousand Character Classic, a primer for teaching Sino-Korean. Workers from same
counties and prefectures were assigned to a specific section. Originally, wall sections on flat ground were built of
rammed earth, while those on mountainous terrain were built of stone. However, in 1422, the earthen sections of
the wall were replaced with stone as well. In 1704, another massive restoration and rebuilding project was carried
out, as parts of the wall had collapsed over the course of time. And since then several restorations have been carried
out, too. During the construction of the wall, records of the works were inscribed on the stone blocks of the wall.
Seoul City Wall lost a large part of its former appearance during the country’s modernization.
In 1899, the first tram lines were built to connect Seoul with outlying communities, and the wall gates lost their
original function. Thereafter, the wall connected to the gates were demolished for the expansion of the city’s road
networks from 1907. In the Japanese colonial period, Japanese governors deliberately dismantled the wall gates
or neglected to be damaged. Donuimun and Souimun Gate were dismantled and Gwanghuimun and Hyehwamun
Gate were seriously damaged. Also the wall was damaged in that local residents built their houses too near to it.
After Korean liberation from Japan, the wall continued to be damaged in the rush of modernization.
Reconstruction of Seoul City Wall began at a site around Sukjeongmun Gate, behind the
presidential residence, shortly after a unit of the North Korean Special Forces infiltrated Seoul on 21
January 1968.
That project was extended to the entire wall section from 1974. However, the integrity of Seoul
City Wall was damaged in places as conservation and restoration works were overly focused on rejoining severed
sections. Seoul Metropolitan Government fully recognized these problems, and established the department
exclusively responsible for the wall, Seoul City Wall Division in September 2012. And the city government drew up
master plan for the conservation and management of Seoul City Wall in accordance with the criteria for UNESCO
World Heritage Sites in October 2013.
As of 2014, some 70% (12.8km) of entire Seoul City Wall has been restored, and Sukjeongmun,
Gwanghuimun, and Hyehwamun were rebuilt,
although Gwanghuimun and Hyehwamun had to be put on
locations near their original sites.
*<National Treasure No.853> Suseon Jeondo (Complete Map of Seoul)
[1840’s | by Kim Jeong-ho (presumed) | 82.5cmx 67.5cm | Korea University Museum Collection]
The term
Suseon
means “the prime goodness”, coming from “shiji(史記, history book of Sima Qian). Suseon Jeondo is complete map of Seoul in Joseon, herein
the term Suseon is used to emphasis “building of the prime goodness starts in Seoul".
[A stone block of the wall, inscribed as “Gangjayukbaekcheok”]
A Stone of the wall, written as “Gangjayukbaekcheok ” was discov-
ered in an embankment near the Namsan J-Gran House. The
stone block is the record of the constructon section and length.
The original position of this stone is unknown, as the embankment
was built with the stones acquired from the demolished wall.
[Excavation site of Seoul City Wall at the foot of Hoehyeon,
Namsan]
In 2013, a section of the wall(94.1m), which had been
demolished in 1925 (during the Japanese Colonial Period) to
build the Joseon Shinto Shrine was excavated. This section of the
wall, built with both original stone blocks from the wall and new
stone blocks used for its repair, shows the layers of 600-years
history of the wall.
06
07
1
Cradling
Life
What is
Seoul
City Wall?
Seoul City Wall, which protected Seoul for some 600 years, closely affected the daily life of
the people inside.
Residents were informed of the opening and closing times of the city gates by the sound of
the bell hanging in Bosingak belfry on Jongno. The bell was struck thirty-three times to lift the curfew in the early
morning and twenty-eight times to announce the curfew in the evening. The gates of private houses were opened
and closed according to the tolling of the bell, so the opening and closing times of the city gates controlled the
rhythm of the citizen’s life.
Seoul City Wall was also a boundary between life and death.
Everyone who died, whether king
or commoner, had to be buried outside the wall. Thus, living within the wall signified life itself to the people in
Seoul.
Seoul City Wall represented the capital itself.
People headed towards the capital from countryside
would see the wall in the distance and realized they were nearing their destination. The wall meant something
different to the scholars who traveled to the capital to take the state examinations, success in which would land
them a government post. Some of those candidates, hoping to pass the exam, would walk around the entire wall.
This practice became popular among local residents and developed into a traditional amusement going around
the wall and enjoying the beautiful scenery.
Seoul City Wall helped unite the capital with its suburbs.
Quarrying was prohibited inside the
wall, stones used for the wall had to be supplied from outside. Although the wall was built on the ridges of Mts.
Baegak, Nakta, Mongmyeok, and Inwang, the stone materials came from areas around Mts. Bukhansan and
Achasan outside the wall.
The capital defense system was anchored by Seoul City Wall.
The wall alone was insufficient for
defending the capital. during times of external invasion or civil rebellion, the wall was never used for the purpose
of defense. Therefore, people commonly complained about all the work to build the wall in that is useless. On
September 11, 1971 in lunar calender, King Yeongjo proclaimed the decree on guarding the walls, declaring, “In
an emergency, I will be the first to go up to the fortified wall to defend the city with the people.” Moreover, the king
assigned each defense section to a community inside the wall so that they could protect their own section with
their own weapons in event of an emergency.
* Old Photo of Hyehwamun Gate | National Museum of Korea Collection
[Hyehwamun Gate]
Hyehwamun from outside the wall.
Hyehwamun served as a passageway to city of Uijeongbu
and Pocheon from the capital.
*Ammun(Secret Path) on Naksan Mountain Hiking Trail of Seoul City Wall
[Naksan Mountain Trail]
As the administrative district of
Seoul has expanded greatly, Seoul City Wall, which once
marked the boundary between Hanseongbu (Capital Prefec-
ture in Joseon) and its outskirts 600 years ago, has now
become a cultural property in the center of Seoul.
08
09

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